抗战胜利后国统区关于内蒙古民族自治问题的争论探析

The Debates on the Issue of Ethnical Autonomy in Inner Mongol after the War of Resistance in the Areas Controlled by the Guomindang

中国近代少数民族自治制度探索经历了曲折复杂的历史进程,基本宗旨是通过确立王朝帝制部落自治转变为民族国家政区治理的具体形式,重塑单一制中央集权的统一多民族国家。从抗战胜利至制宪国大期间,国民政府、知识界、行省当局和蒙古族精英就内蒙古自治问题展开了反复争论,形成了盟旗等于省县的蒙汉联合自治、分省蒙旗自治、脱省联盟自治和废省联盟自治四种代表性主张,焦点是盟的行政定位问题,表面上是蒙汉民族矛盾,本质上是民族自治和地方自治两种理念的对立和融通。国民党虽然把握了内蒙古地区是各民族杂居共有而不是一民族独有、自治是各民族联合自治而不是一民族独治的现实性,但不能突破行省的制度局限,无法协调“民族因素”和“区域因素”,结果加速蒙古族精英的离心倾向。战后国统区关于内蒙古自治问题的争论,客观上为中共建立内蒙古自治区,施行以蒙古族为主体的蒙汉联合自治提供了重要参考,体现了自治和统一相结合的历史必然性。

The development of the Chinese modern system of ethnical autonomy underwent a complicated historical process. Its basic principle was to transform the tribe autonomy in a dynastic empire to the governance of administrative regions in a modern nation-state so as to reshape the centralized and unified multi-ethnic nation-state. From the victory of the War of Resistance in 1945 to the National Congress to make the Constitution in 1946, the Nationalist government, the intellectuals, the provincial government of Inner Mongol and the Mongolian local elites had a series of debates about the autonomy of Inner Mongol. Their debates focused on the administrative position of “meng”. The debates appeared as the ethnic conflicts between the Mongols and the Han Chinese, but the fundamental problem in the debates was the opposition and collaboration of two ideals, namely the ethnic autonomy and local autonomy. The Nationalist government understood the reality that the multi-ethnical peoples coexisted in the Inner Mongolian area and the autonomy should be jointly autonomy of all the ethnical groups in this area, but it could not break through the restrict of the provincial system nor reconcile the “ethnic factor” and the “regional factor”, so that the Mongolian elites were even more alienated from the Nationalist regime. These debates provided important reference for the Chinese Communist government to establish the Autonomic Region of Inner Mongol in the future.