辽代部族军兵役制度初探

On Tribal Troops’Conscription System in Liao Dynasty

部族军是辽代立国、守国之根本,其兵役制度在部落兵制的基础之上不断完善。辽代部族军具有双重属籍,既属军籍,又属民籍。部族军实行"补役之法",通常自富户当中征发,以"户"的形式镇戍地方,服役无固定期限。部族在役军队所需的粮、马前期需自备;后期逐渐由地方军事机构或政府供给,并无军饷。部族部分人户开始拥有兵役特免权,使得部族之间的等级划分愈加明显,体现出辽代社会秩序的变化趋势。而部族军整体兵役制度的发展演变,实际上暗藏的是统治者离散部落,削弱贵族权力,加强中央集权的大局筹谋。

As the fundamental forces in the national defense of Liao Dynasty,the tribal troops continuously perfect its conscription system.They are both soldiers and civilians,who are normally from the rich families and are garrisoned in the regions as families for indefinite periods.They get no pay,provide supplies by themselves in the beginning stage,and later obtain their supplies from the local military organizations or governments.Eventually,some of them are given exemptions from conscription,causing the hierarchic tribal ranks and resulting in the changes of social order in Liao Dynasty.However,the tribal troops’conscription system serves secretly as the highest rulers’intention to separate tribes and to weaken the power of rich families so as to enhance the centralization of authority.