复古与更化:西汉儒生给事中的政治文化影响

Returning to the Past and Renewal:the Western Han Dynasty Confucian Scholar Jishizhongs' Impacts on the Political Culture

给事中是汉代七种加官之一。外朝官加给事中,得入禁中,成为皇帝身边谋议之臣。宣、元之际,以儒生担任给事中情况增多,开辟了儒生参政的新途径。儒生给事中作为新兴的政治势力,与外戚、宦官的对抗不仅是政治权力的争夺,更是两种政治取向和政治思想的碰撞。儒生给事中以实现儒家理想中的“王道”政治为目标,企图通过推行礼治和言论灾异,改革汉政,扭转社会危机。儒生与给事中身份的结合对西汉的政治文化演进和政权结构组成都有着重要的影响。

Jishizhong is one of the seven kinds of additional official positions in the Han Dynasty.When external court officials were given the title of Jishizhong,they were approved to come into the internal court to be imperial counselors.During Emperor Xuan's and Emperor Yuan's reign,there were more Confucian scholars who were appointed to be the Jishizhong,which became a new way to allow the Confucian scholars to participate in the government and to spread the Confucian influence on politics.As a new political force,confrontations between Confucian scholars and imperial affine and eunuchs were not only a struggle for political power,but a collision between two political orientations and ideologies.Confucian scholar Jishizhong took the realizing of the Confucian benevolent government as their goal.They attempted to reform the Han government and reverse the political crisis by means of spreading the rule of rite and talking about the calamities.The combination of the Confucian scholar and the Jishizhong position had a huge influence both on the political culture evolution and regime structure in the Western Han Dynasty.