基于多源数据的城市避难场所服务能力评价与规划应对

Service Capacity Evaluation and Planning Response of Urban Shelters Based on Multi-source Data

随着新型城镇化的稳步推进,城市韧性和城市安全越来越受到人们重视,城市人均避难场所面积已成为各大城市体检的必要性指标,可见完善的城市应急避难体系对提升城市韧性和安全性意义重大。本文首先基于采集的开源地图Open-StreetMap道路网络数据和POI数据在GIS平台上构建了网络分析数据集,并运用指标统计法对长沙现状应急避难场所的服务能力进行评价分析,在评价的尺度上结合百度热力图数据识别的城市人群集聚区对其进行多尺度的细化评价,提高了避难场所服务能力评价的精度,进一步摸清了城市重点片区的避难需求。其次,运用商务住宅POI数据,结合"最小设施点数模型"和"最大化覆盖范围模型"对现状避难场所进行了布局优化。最后针对城市整体和局部重点片区提出了规划应对策略,并提出要使避难场所类型更加多元化,以期为城市避难场所规划建设提供参考。

With the steady advancement of new urbanization,urban resilience and urban security have been paid more and more attention.The urban per capita shelter area has become a necessary indicator for physical examination in major cities.It can be seen that a perfect urban emergency shelter system is of great significance to enhance the resilience and safety of the city.In this paper,based on the collected open source map Open-StreetMap road network data and POI data,the network analysis data set is constructed on the GIS platform,and the indicator statistical method is used to evaluate and analyze the service capability of the emergency shelter in Changsha.Combined with the Baidu thermal map data identification,the urban people clustered area to carry out multi-scale refinement evaluation,improve the accuracy of the service capacity evaluation of the shelter area,and further understand the asylum needs of the key areas of the city.Secondly,using the POI data of commercial residences,combined with the"minimum facility point model"and"maximum coverage model",the layout of the current shelters was optimized.Finally,the paper plans a coping strategy for the overall and local key areas of the city,and proposes to make the types of evacuation sites more diversified,in order to provide reference for the planning and construction of urban shelters.