氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量及光合物质生产的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and photosynthetic matter production of rice in cold regions

为探讨氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量及光合物质生产的影响,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为试验材料,于2017~2018年在大田条件下设置5种氮肥运筹方式:零氮空白处理T0、农民常规施氮T1(施氮量150 kg/hm^2,基肥∶追肥1∶追肥2=6∶3∶1)、平衡施氮T2(施氮量150 kg/hm^2,基肥∶蘖肥∶调节肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶1∶2)、减氮10%施肥T3(施氮量135 kg/hm^2,基肥∶蘖肥∶调节肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶1∶2)、调节氮肥前移T4(施氮量150kg/hm^2,基肥∶蘖肥∶调节肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶0∶2),其中以T1为对照,研究氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量、干物质积累与转运、高效叶面积、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率的影响。结果表明:与T1相比,T2和T3的增产幅度分别为4.12%~12.79%和2.17%~7.11%,T4减产幅度为3.91%~17.32%;T2、T3改善了寒地水稻齐穗期至成熟期的群体结构,提高了群体干物质量、阶段干物质积累量以及叶、茎、鞘的物质输出量、输出率、转化率;此外,T2和T3也分别提高了齐穗期和灌浆盛期的高效叶面积以及拔节至成熟期群体叶面积指数,并使结实期叶面积衰减率分别显著降低了17.92%和28.92%;T2、T3和T4虽然降低了分蘖盛期至拔节期水稻光合物质生产,但拔节至成熟期的光合势、群体生长势和净同化率均高于T1。综上所述,平衡施氮方式和减氮施肥方式能有效地控制移栽至拔节期的物质生产,提高了齐穗期至成熟期光合生产和干物质转化效率,获得较高的群体质量,从而提高水稻产量。

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on rice yield and photosynthetic production in cold regions were studied using Japonica rice varieties,Kenjing 7 and Kenjing 8 as experimental materials.Five nitrogen management methods were conducted,consisting of zero nitrogen treatment,namely T0,farmers’ traditional fertilizer,namely T1(150 kg/hm^2,base fertilizer∶topdressing 1:topdressing 2=6∶3∶1),balanced nitrogen application,namely T2(150 kg/hm^2,base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer∶regulated fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer=4∶3∶1∶2),10% nitrogen reduction fertilization,namely T3(135 kg/hm^2,base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer∶regulated fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer=4∶3∶1∶2),regulation of nitrogen fertilizer forward moving,namely T4(150 kg/hm^2,base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer∶regulated fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer=5∶3∶0∶2),and their effects on rice yield,dry matter accumulation and transport,high efficient leaf area,photosynthetic potential,population growth rate and net assimilation rate were studied in cold regions during 2017 ~ 2018. The results showed that compared with T1,the yield of T2 and T3 increased by 4.12% to 12.79% and 2.17% to 7.11% respectively,and that of T4 decreased by 3.91% to 17.32% respectively.T2 and T3 improved the rice structure from full heading stage to maturity stage of rice,and increased the total dry matter accumulation,dry matter accumulation at different stages,and the output,output rate and transformation rate of leaves,stems and sheaths.Moreover,T2 and T3 increased the high efficient leaf area of flag leaf,top 2 leaf and top 3 leaf at both full heading stage and filling stage,and the leaf area index from jointing to maturity stage,and reduced the leaf area attenuation rate by 17.92% and 28.92% at maturity stage,respectively.Although T2,T3 and T4 decreased the rice photosynthetic production from tillering peak to jointing stage,the photosynthetic potential,population growth potential and net assimilation rate were higher than those of T1 from jointing to maturing stage.In conclusion,the balanced and reduced nitrogen fertilization methods can effectively control the matter production from transplanting to jointing stage,improve the efficiency of photosynthesis production and dry matter transformation and transportation from full heading to maturity stage,and obtain higher population quality,so as to improve rice yield.