氮钾运筹对高寒地区马铃薯产量、养分吸收及利用的影响

Effect of ratios of nitrogen and potassium on yield,nutrient uptake and utilization of potato in alpine area

利用田间试验探讨氮钾配施对高寒马铃薯产量、养分吸收动态及利用的影响,为贵州高寒马铃薯高产的科学推荐施肥提供理论基础。2018年在贵州省毕节市开展田间试验,控制磷肥的施用量一致,设置不同的氮钾运筹,研究不同氮钾运筹下马铃薯的产量、经济效益、养分吸收动态及利用。不同养分处理马铃薯产量不同,T8处理(N3P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=270∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)马铃薯产量、产值和经济效益分别为30 145 kg/hm^2、33 159.5元/hm^2和29 823.5元/hm^2,高于其他处理1 294~12 967 kg/hm^2、1 423.3~14 263.2元/hm^2和2 068.3~10 927.2元/hm^2;不同处理马铃薯薯块生物量随生育期呈持续增加的趋势,T8处理为最大,总生物量与地上部生物量相似,呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在淀粉积累期达到最大值,T8处理总生物量为6 619 kg/hm^2,高于其他处理;相同处理不同部位马铃薯养分累积量变化不同,相同部位不同处理的马铃薯养分累积量变化相似,相同部位的马铃薯氮素和钾素累积量变化趋势相似,其中地上部氮素和钾素累积量呈现先升高后缓慢降低趋势,薯块氮素和钾素累积量随生育期呈现持续上升的趋势,马铃薯氮素和钾素累积总量与地上部养分累积量相似,呈现先升高后缓慢降低趋势;不同处理的氮钾养分利用效率不同,氮肥偏生产力和农学效率以T4处理(N1P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=90∶150∶240kg/hm^2)和T8处理(N3P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=270∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)最大,钾肥偏生产力和农学效率以T5处理(N2P2K1,N∶P2O5∶K2O=180∶150∶120 kg/hm^2)和T7处理(N2P2K3,N∶P2O5∶K2O=180∶150∶360 kg/hm^2)最大。综合产量、经济效益及养分吸收,T8处理(N3P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=270∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)可作为基于本试验条件下较适宜的氮钾运筹,在实际生产中应注重氮钾合理运筹,促进高寒地区马铃薯产业的可持续发展。

A field experiment was carried out to explore the effect of ratios of nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)application on yield and nutrient absorption of potato,and to provide a basis for scientific recommendation of fertilization for high yield potato in alpine area of Guizhou province. Different amounts of N and K treatments with same amount of phosphorus(P)were conducted in 2018 in Bijie city,Guizhou province.Yield,economic benefit,nutrient uptake and utilization of potato were determined and analyzed. Potato yield varied with different nutrient treatments,the yield,output value and economic benefit of T8(N3 P2 K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=270∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)were 30 145 kg/hm^2,33 159.5 yuan/hm^2 and 29 823.5 yuan/hm^2,respectively,which were higher than other treatments by 1 294 ~ 12 967 kg/hm^2,1 423.3 ~ 14 263.2 yuan/hm^2 and 2 068.3 ~ 10 927.2 yuan/hm^2. The biomass of potato tubers under different treatments showed an increasing trend,and T8 treatment was the largest. Similar to aboveground biomass,the total biomass increased firstly and then decreased,reaching the maximum at 117 days after planting,and total biomass of T8 treatment was 6 619 kg/hm^2,which was higher than that of other treatments. The change of potato nutrient accumulation was different in different parts of the same treatment. The change of potato nutrient accumulation was similar in different parts of the same treatment.The change trend of potato N and K accumulation in the same part was similar,the accumulation of N and K in the above-ground part increased firstly and then decreased slowly. The accumulation of N and K in potato tubers continued to increase. The total accumulation of N and K was similar to that of the aboveground nutrients,showing a trend of first increasing and then slowly decreasing. N and K nutrient use efficiency was different in different treatments. T4(N1P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=90∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)and T8(N3P2K2,N ∶ P2O5∶ K2O=270 ∶ 150 ∶ 240 kg/hm^2)had the largest PEPN and AEN,while T5(N2P2K1,N∶P2O5∶K2O=180∶150∶120 kg/hm^2)and T7(N2P2K3,N∶P2O5∶K2O=180∶150∶360 kg/hm^2)had the largest PEPK and AEK. Comprehensive considering the yield,economic benefit and nutrient uptake and utilization,T8 treatment(N3P2K2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=270∶150∶240 kg/hm^2)can be used as a suitable ratios of N and K under the conditions of this experiment.And we should pay attention to the rational operation of N and K in production to promote the sustainable development in potato industry.