西方现代社会的虚无主义困境及出路——马克思、涂尔干和韦伯的不同视角

Nihilism Dilemma and Outlet in Modern Western Society:Different Perspectives of Marx,Durkheim and Weber

虚无主义在当代理论视野中是一个需要重视的问题,其困境在于绝对价值的被贬黜以及由此造成的信仰崩塌和价值失序。立足经典社会哲学框架,去呈现马克思、涂尔干和韦伯对虚无主义的差异性视角是十分必要的。涂尔干是从强化社会认知的方法论层面,通过社会失范和道德问题来试图克服虚无主义,凸显的是实证社会哲学理论传统范式;韦伯指出启蒙理性原则和现代科层制的内在矛盾,是人类精神“铁笼”的虚无主义悲剧的缘由;而马克思则借助异化学说和社会进步观实现对虚无主义的积极的扬弃。三个视角的差异,为三者之间的实质性对话提供了基础。

Nihilism is a problem that needs to be emphasized in the field of contemporary theory.Its dilemma lies in the beggar of absolute value and the resulting collapse of faith and disorder of value.Based on the framework of classical social philosophy,it is necessary to present Marx,Durkheim and Weber’s views on nihilism.In the methodological aspect of strengthening social cognition,Durkheim tries to overcome nihilism through social anomie and moral problems,highlighting the traditional paradigm of empirical social philosophical theory;Weber points out that the inherent contradiction between enlightenment rationality principle and modern bureaucracy is the reason of the nihilistic tragedy of the human spirit“iron cage”;while Marx realizes the positive sublation of nihilism with the help of theories of alienation and social progress.The difference of the three perspectives provides substantive dialogue between them.