新型冠状病毒肺炎的流行病学、临床治疗与疫情防控

Epidemiology, Treatment, and Epidemic Prevention and Control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Review

本文系统介绍新型冠状病毒肺炎的病原学、流行病学、传播动力学、临床特征、治疗及防控等多个领域的最新研究进展,同时比较新型冠状病毒与严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒及H1N1流感病毒所致疫情特征的异同。新型冠状病毒的原始宿主可能为蝙蝠,患者和无症状感染者为传染源,可借助飞沫和接触途径进行人际传播,人群普遍易感。患者临床症状主要表现为发热和咳嗽,伴有白细胞和淋巴细胞减少,但目前尚无特效治疗药物。防控策略上,一方面应着力研发疫苗开展一级预防;另一方面继续贯彻对患者和密切接触者的隔离、佩戴口罩、及时进行公共场所消毒,同时大力研发快速检测试剂盒,实现对疾病的血清学监测,开展早发现、早诊断、早隔离、早治疗的二级防控策略。此外,应着力降低人群对疾病恐慌、加强防疫宣传与健康教育,共同防控疫情蔓延。

This review summarizes the ongoing researches regarding etiology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, treatment, and prevention and control strategies of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), with comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) and pandemic H1 N1 virus. SARSCoV-2 may be originated from bats, and the patients and asymptomatic carriers are the source of epidemic infection. The virus can be transmitted human-to-human through droplets and close contact, and people at all ages are susceptible to this virus. The main clinical symptoms of the patients are fever and cough, accompanied with leukocytopenia and lymphocytopenia. Effective drugs have been not yet available thus far. In terms of the prevention and control strategies,vaccine development as the primary prevention should be accelerated. Regarding the secondary prevention, ongoing efforts of the infected patients and close contacts quarantine, mask wearing promotion, regular disinfection in public places should be continued. Meanwhile, rapid detection kit for serological monitoring of the virus in general population is expected so as to achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early isolation and early treatment. In addition, public health education on this disease and prevention should be enhanced so as to mitigate panic and mobilize the public to jointly combat the epidemic.