对康德的完全义务与不完全义务概念的当代思考

A Contemporary Interpretation of Kant's Concepts of Perfect and Imperfect Duties

关于康德道德哲学中的完全义务和不完全义务概念,有两个问题值得讨论:第一,康德如何区分完全义务和不完全义务这两个概念;第二,完全义务和不完全义务的判别标准是什么。对康德观点应当做严格主义的解读,即选择不做某一义务性行为的理由只能是为了其他义务,而这种解读不会导致取消完全义务和不完全义务之间的区别。其次,完全义务和不完全义务的判别标准不是违反义务的准则普遍化会导致的矛盾类型,而是可以用普遍化检验程序来论证的义务准则本身的性质;某些类型的行为属于不完全义务,是因为普遍化检验程序不能给出它们的精确准则,从而为自由选择留下余地;但这种选择是严格主义的。

As regards the concepts of perfect duties and imperfect duties in Kant's moral philosophy,there are two questions worth discussing.First,what distinguishes imperfect duties from perfect duties in Kant's moral theory?Second,what is the criterion for judging whether a duty is perfect or imperfect?On the first point,I support a rigorist interpretation.On the second point,I argue that criterion for perfect-imperfect duty judging is not the type of contradiction generated by the universalized maxim which violates duty,but the nature of the obligatory maxim which can be justified by the test of universalization.