自我研究的“现象学转向”与自我悖论新解

“The Phenomenological Turn”in Self Research and New Resolution of Self-paradox

自我研究的“现象学转向”要求自我研究先悬搁本体论问题,突出现象学问题的优先性,把自我感、自我信念、自我知识的描述、考察和批判反思作为自我哲学研究的奠基性、核心性工程。常识化自我知识被认为具有直接性、权威性和透明性的现象学特征。笛卡尔、休谟和康德由常识化自我知识出发而赋予自我以“统一的”“简单的”和“连续的”的规定性。常识化自我知识不但塑造了一般人的自我观念,而且导致了哲学研究中的自我悖论。对常识化自我知识的反思揭示出自我悖论中的语词错误、语法错误和方法论问题。破解自我悖论离不开心灵观之重构。在心灵观的重构中,自我展现出其复杂的层次性、结构性和开放性。通达自我的第一人称路径和第三人称路径在赋予我们自我知识的同时,不断构造自我本身。自我研究必然要求对包括常识化自我知识在内的整个自我知识系统进行反思,挖掘、发现、评估和利用其中有价值的自我知识形式,而这离不开跨学科跨文化的研究视角。

The phenomenological turn in self researches maintains that the first priority is phenomenological questions,and that the question about self knowledge is considered as the original of all other philosophy questions concerning self.The common-sense self knowledge has some phenomenological properties,ie,Directness,authority and transparency.Descartes,Hume,and Kant define self with the terms of“unified”“simple”and“continuous”by means of common-sense self knowledge.Common-sense selfknowledge not only shapes the self-concept of ordinary people,but also leads to self-paradox in philosophical research.Reflections on common-sense self knowledge reveal the problem of lexical errors,grammatical errors and methodologies in self-paradox.There will be no solution to self-paradox without the reconstruction of the mind view,by which the self illustrates its complex hierarchy,structure and openness.The first-person path and the third-person path that reach the self are constantly constructing the self itself while giving us self-knowledge.Self-research must inevitably reflect on the whole self-knowledge system including common-sense self-knowledge,and discover,evaluate and utilize the valuable self-knowledge forms,which cannot be separated from the interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research perspective.