宋代司法中的事实认知与法律推理

Facts Recognition and Legal Inference in Song Dynasty Judicature

宋代司法判决重视“明辨是非”,兼具事实求真与价值向善的两种诉求,宋代司法名公在事实问题与法律问题之划分上表现出了高度的自觉,显示了中国本土法学方法的划时代进步。在事实与法律的衔接上,司法名公综合运用了内部证成与外部证成。当裁判规范相对确定的时候,他们在事实与规范的循环互动中实现法律规范对生活事实的涵摄,得出案件事实认定结果,在叠加使用演绎推理方法的基础上做出案件判决。在裁判规范出现查找和证立困境的时候,他们在“法”与“理”的二元互动中谋求妥善的法律解释及法律续造,以平衡法律与社会道德伦理、国家秩序原理的关系,由此显示出了“法理”之自觉。从思维方法与价值体系的角度来看,宋代司法对于事实求真与价值向善的兼顾、在“法”与“理”的二元互动中论证说理,与朱熹理学思想在司法名公中的传播和运用存在着密切关系。

The judicature judgment in Song Dynasty took seriously the"distinction between right and wrong",which included two resorts of being true for facts and being virtuous for value.Such a distinction was highly conscientious,and was an epoch-making progress in China's way of the law.In the conjunction of facts and law,the judicial administrators unified both inside anti outside testimonies.When the norms of judgment was comparatively fixed,they executed the covering of legal norms to life facts in mutual testimony between facts and norms,so as to reach the result of fact-fixing for the ease,and to reached the final judgment based on adding the method of deduction and inference.When there was difficulties in finding norms or evidences,they sought proper legal explanation and legal duration in a dual action of"the law"and"the principle",for the purpose of a balance of the relationship between law and social ethics and the principle of the state order,as well as showing the consciousness of"legal principle".In the dimension of the way of thinking and the value system,the judicature in Song Dynasty took account of both seeking facts and valuing virtuousness,sought proof and reason in a dual action of"the law"and"the principle",which had a close relationship with Zhu Xi's rationalistic Confucian ideas.