陕西省柞水县农村病媒生物综合防制实验及防制策略探讨

Integrated vector management pilot study in a village of Zhashui county in Shaanxi province,China:practice and strategies

目的通过调查陕西省商洛市柞水县乾佑镇车家河村蚊、蝇孳生危害情况,实施综合防制,有效降低蚊、蝇密度,探索农村病媒生物防制策略。方法通过问卷调查,了解村民对蚊、蝇防制知识的知晓情况和防制行为形成情况。采用目测法、笼诱法、粘捕法、灯诱法、人诱法、幼虫吸管法等监测方法调查蚊、蝇幼虫孳生情况和成虫密度水平。开展宣传教育、孳生地治理、物理防治、化学防治相结合的综合防制措施,并对防制效果进行评估。结果农村居民日常生活受到蚊、蝇滋扰较多,但普遍不了解蚊、蝇防制知识。蝇类孳生地类型主要有旱厕化粪池、禽畜圈舍、散放生活垃圾和垃圾桶,以旱厕化粪池数量最多,占42.53%;以旱厕化粪池的孳生阳性率较高,为89.19%。蚊类孳生地类型主要有瓶罐、缸桶等闲置容器、废旧轮胎和储水池,以闲置容器数量最多,占76.86%;废旧轮胎容器指数最高为95.65%;闲置容器的百户指数最高为142.11。处理组防制后1 d蝇类绝对密度下降率在16.25%~66.70%之间,相对密度下降率在-52.64%~69.12%;蚊类绝对密度下降率在51.50%~83.78%之间,相对密度下降率在62.07%~87.77%。处理组防制后10 d蝇类绝对密度下降率在6.67%~60.00%之间,相对密度下降率在-105.33%~48.50%;蚊类绝对密度下降率在32.71%~93.07%之间,相对密度下降率在76.51%~93.36%。结论综合防制措施能够有效控制蚊、蝇密度。现阶段农村病媒生物防制工作的深入开展需要增加投入,不断完善基础设施,加强制度、规范和标准建设,不断提高农村居民防制意识,建立农村地区病媒生物控制的长效机制。

Objective To investigate the strategies for vector control in rural areas by investigating the harm of mosquitoes and flies,developing integrated control measures,and reducing the densities of mosquitoes and flies in Chejiahe village in Qianyou town of Zhashui county in Shangluo of Shaanxi province,China.Methods A questionnaire survey was performed to investigate the knowledge about the prevention and control of mosquitoes and flies and the formation of control behaviors among villagers.Visual observation method,cage trapping method,sticky trap method,light-trap method,human-luring method,and larvae pipette method were used to investigate the breeding of the larvae of mosquitoes and flies and the density of adult mosquitoes and flies.Integrated control measures,including propaganda and education,breeding site treatment,physical control,and chemical control,were adopted,and the effect of these measures was evaluated.Results The daily life of the rural residents was seriously disturbed by mosquitoes and flies,and they often lacked the knowledge of the prevention and control of mosquitoes and flies.The main breeding sites of flies included septic tanks of aqua privies,livestock houses,scattered domestic waste,and garbage cans,with the highest number in septic tanks of aqua privies(42.53%)and the highest breeding positive rate in septic tanks(89.19%).The main breeding sites of mosquitoes included idle containers(bottles,cans,and barrels),waste tires,and water tanks,among which idle containers had the highest number of 76.86%and the highest 100-household index of 142.11,and waste tires had the highest container index of95.65%.As for the treatment group,on day 1 of control,the reduction rate of the absolute density of flies ranged from16.25%to 66.70%,while the reduction rate of the relative density of flies ranged from-52.64%and 69.12%;the reduction rate of the absolute density of mosquitoes ranged from 51.50%to 83.78%,while the reduction rate of the relative density of mosquitoes ranged from 62.07%to 87.77%.On day 10 of control,the reduction rate of the absolute density of flies ranged from 6.67%to 60.00%,while the reduction rate of the relative density of flies ranged from-105.33%to 48.50%;the reduction rate of the absolute density of mosquitoes ranged from 32.71%to 93.07%,while the reduction rate of the relative density of mosquitoes ranged from 76.51%to 93.36%.Conclusion These integrated control measures can effectively control the density of mosquitoes and flies.At present,vector control in rural areas should be enhanced by increasing the budget,improving facilities,and establishing systems and standards,so as to improve the awareness of vector control among rural residents and establish the long-term mechanism for vector control in rural areas.