俄国形式主义的学科交叉与理论创新

Interdisciplinarity and Theoretical Innovation of the Russian Formalism

俄国形式主义作为20世纪西方文艺学领域第一个文学批评流派,开启了一个学科交叉融合、理论创新发展的新时代。在其创立之初,便试图采用现代语言学方法来解决文艺学的基本问题,从而开辟了语言学与诗学相结合的研究道路。在其发展的早期和后期阶段,什克洛夫斯基和雅各布逊等代表人物的理论建构,分别受到本土语言学家库尔特内和瑞士语言学家索绪尔的语言学理论的影响。而俄国形式主义的理论创新,则以现代审美心理学理论为基础,从读者审美感受和审美体验的"自动化"与"陌生化"规律出发,认为文学的本质即"文学性"就在于形式的可感性,文学创作、接受活动和文学形式的发展演变,都来自于文学接受者审美感受的自动化和审美心理求新求异的陌生化需求。俄国形式主义创立的理论范畴和批评范式,在世界范围内产生了深远的影响。

As the first school of literary criticism in the history of western academic thought in the 20 th century, the Russian formalism opened a new era of cross-disciplinary integration and theoretical innovation. At the beginning of its establishment, it tried to use modern linguistic methods to solve the basic problems of literary arts, thus opening up the research path of combining linguistics and poetics. In the early and late stages of its development, the theoretical construction of representative figures such as Shklovsky and Jacobson was influenced by the linguistic theories of the local linguist Kurtner and the Swiss linguist Saussure, respectively. Furthermore, the theoretical innovation of Russian formalism is based on the theory of modern aesthetic psychology, starting from the "automation" and "familiarization" of readers’ aesthetic feelings and aesthetic experiences, and believes that the essence of "literature" lies in its formal perception. The development of literary creation, acceptance activities, and literary forms all come from the automation of aesthetic feelings of literary recipients and the unfamiliarized need of aesthetic psychology to seek new and different styles. The theoretical categories and critical paradigms created by the Russian formalism have had a profound impact worldwide.