华北地区规模化奶牛场用水及粪污处理情况调查报告

Investigation Report on Water Utilization and Waste Treatment of Dairy Farms in North China

本次调研共收集了华北地区99家奶牛场的用水及粪污处理情况数据进行了分析总结。结果表明,①85.9%的牛场以深井水作为水源,其中61.2%的牛场对用水进行消毒处理,43.5%的牛场安装有水表并记录用水情况。②在牛场用水中,牛的饮水量所占比例最高,达60%以上;其次为挤奶厅用水,约占20%。③夏季牛场头均饮水量、挤奶厅用水量、喷淋用水量均显著高于春秋冬季(P<0.05),夏季的头均总用水量比春秋冬季增加了33%(P<0.01)。随着牛场存栏量的增大,奶牛头均总用水量显著减少(P<0.05)。④年产奶量较高的牛场每产1kg牛奶饮水量、挤奶厅用水量显著降低(P<0.01),致使每千克产奶量的总用水量减少52%(P<0.01),用水效率提高。⑤随着养殖规模的增大,牛场雨污分离设施与干湿分离设施配备率分别显著增至62%、72%(P<0.05,P<0.01)。由此可得,存栏量越大、年产奶量越高,牛场每产1kg牛奶用水量越低,用水效率越高,而且配备的雨污分离设施、干湿分离设施比例越高,这些均有利于减少单位产奶量的粪污产生量及其处理压力。

The survey collected and analyzed the information about water consumption and waste treatment of 99 dairy farms in North China.The results showed that:①The water source of 85.9%of dairy farms was from deep well water.Among them,61.2%of the farms disinfected water before use,and 43.5%of the farms had water meters to record water use.②The most water consumption in farms was the drinking water of dairy cows,reaching more than 60%,followed by milking parlor water,accounting for about 20%.③The drinking water consumption,milking parlor water and spraying water consumption per head in summer were significantly higher than those in other seasons(P<0.05),resulting in the total water consumption per head increased by 33%(P<0.01).The total water consumption per head decreased significantly with the elevation of stock size(P<0.05).④The drinking water consumption and milking parlor water consumption of per kg milk production with high annual milk yield were significantly lower than those with low annual milk yield(P<0.01),resulting in the total water consumption of per kg milk production decreased by 52%(P<0.01),and implying increased water use efficiency.⑤The rate of rain and sewage separation facilities and dry-wet waste separation facilities increased to 62%and 72%significantly with the elevation of stock size(P<0.05,P<0.01).It can be concluded that the larger the stock size,the higher the annual milk production,the lower the water consumption per kg of milk produced in the dairy farm,the higher the water use efficiency,and the higher the proportion of rain and sewage separation facilities and dry-wet waste separation facilities,which are conducive to reducing the amount of manure produced per unit milk production and its treatment pressure.