足球3对1传控球练习中运动员年龄阶段与场地大小关系的研究

Research on the Relationship between Athletes Age and Field Size in Soccer 3 vs.1 Ball Pass-and-control Training

目的:探讨3对1传控球练习中运动员年龄阶段与练习场地大小的关系,为今后训练提供理论依据。方法:选取3所中小学校4个年龄段(U10、U12、U14、U16)112名男子青少年足球运动员为研究对象,按年龄阶段平均分为4个组别,每个组别平均分成7小组,每小组4个人。每个小组受试者交替在8 m、10 m、12 m正方形场地内进行3对1传控球练习,统计每个小组在不同规格场地内的传球质量、传球速度、传球路线、接应、对抗强度等指标。结果:U10的传球成功率和连续传球平均次数均明显低于U12、U14、U16(P<0.01);U10在8 m场地的动作时间短于10 m和12 m场地,具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。U12在8 m场地和10 m场地动作时间短于12 m场地,具有显著性差异(P<0.01);U10的接应角度小于U12、U14和U16,差异显著(P<0.01);所有组别的受试者将球传向开放区的比例都超过了60%;传球瞬间抢球人与球之间的距离,按8 m、10 m、12 m的顺序依次显著性增长;U10、U12与U14、U16相比,抢球人与球之间的距离明显短。结论:12 m练习场地对于U12年龄段和U14年龄段的青少年足球运动员过大,不能有效提高其传接球技术;U14年龄段是3对1传接球技术形成的重要时期;对于U14年龄段的青少年足球运动员,从14岁到16岁这个期间的3对1传控球训练,8 m场地效果好于10 m和12 m场地。

Objective:To explore the relationship between age and field size of the training in 3 vs.1 pass-and-control training to provide theoretical basis for training.Method:112 male juvenile soccer players from 3 primary and secondary schools were divided into four groups(U10,U12,U14 and U16).Each group was further divided into seven teams with four players each.Subjects in each team were arranged to do 3 vs.1 pass-and-control training alternately in 8 m,10 m,and 12 m square fields.Data of passing quality,passing speed,passing route,receiving and confrontational strength were collected and analyzed.Results:The results showed that the success rate of passing and the average number of successive passes of U10 were significantly lower than those of U12,U14 and U16(P<0.01).The movement time of U10 in 8 m square field was significantly shorter than that in10 m and 12 m square fields(P<0.01).The movement time of U12 in 8 m and 10 m square fields was significantly shorter than that in 12 m square field(P<0.01).The contact angle of U10 was significantly smaller than that of U12,U14 and U16(P<0.01),and the rate of passing the ball to the open space in all groups was more than 60%.The distance between the ball grabber and the ball at the moment of passing increased significantly in the order of 8 m,10 m,and 12 m.Compared with U14 and U16,the distance between the ball grabber and the ball in U10 and U12 at the moment of passing was obviously short.Conclusion:The 12 m square field is too big for players of U12 and U14 and can not effectively improve their passing skills.U14 is an important period for players to develop passing and controlling skills in 3 vs.1 training.For players of U14 group,their 3 vs 1 training in 8 m square field during 14~16 years old is more effective than that in 12 m square field.