德国和瑞士双元制学徒培训制度的分析与启示

A Comparative Study on the Dual Apprenticeship System in Germany and Switzerland

德国和瑞士的学徒培训都是理论学习和实践学习相交替的双元制,学徒人数最多的职业领域都是服务业,都强调具体技能学习的同时,重视通用技能学习。相比于瑞士学徒培训,德国学徒培训企业投入成本偏高,学徒的留用率较高,劳动力市场的限制较为严格,工会和商会的影响力比较大,学徒发展的空间较为狭隘。这一经验对我国现代学徒制试点工作的开展具有一定的启示,应重视跨企业培训中心的作用,重视服务业学徒的培养,关注学徒通用技能的发展,而对劳动力市场的严格控制不是现代学徒制发展的必要条件。

This paper is to compare apprenticeship system in Germany and Switzerland.In both countries,the dual apprenticeship model constitutes the main part.The occupational field with the largest number of apprentices is the service industry,both of which emphasize special skills and attach importance to general skills.Compared with Swiss model,German apprenticeship training companies have higher investment costs.Higher apprenticeship retention rates,in firms,stricter labor market restrictions,greater influence of trade unions and chambers of commerce,and a more limited space for apprenticeship development.In order to develop China's modern apprenticeship training,it is necessary to stress the functions of vocational training centre,to focus the apprenticeship training trends of service sector,and to develop the general skills in training.We should realize that strict control of the labor market is not a necessary condition for the development of modern apprenticeship system.