宋代的蚕桑纺织与农家生计

Sericulture Textile and Farmers'Livelihoods in Song Dynasty

宋代绝大多数蚕桑纺织是作为家庭副业而存在的个体化生产过程。农家每年蚕桑纺织的劳动投入分布在秋冬早春的修剪整枝、纺织与春夏之交的中耕管理和采桑养蚕缫丝,后者成为一年中最繁忙的时期。蚕桑纺织使家庭分工兼具灵活性与实用性,反映出耕与织的地位渐趋平等。受自然环境制约,华北旱作区与江浙稻作区形成了不同的蚕桑生产技术,华北采用桑粮间作,每亩栽桑约7—8株,一亩间作桑田的产值约为粮食5.5石;江浙为专业密植桑园,每亩栽桑15—60株,折合粮食约23.2石。宋代耕织结合的五口农家至少收入粮食70石才能维持生计,华北旱作区需要土地20亩,8亩间种桑树用以养蚕织绢(栽桑外剩4亩左右间隙种粮),共余16亩空地种粮;江浙稻作区则需要土地10亩,8亩种粮,2亩用作专业桑园。蚕桑纺织与农家生计的关系及其在华北、江浙的差别,不仅是蚕桑丝织业重心南移的原因,甚至可以说是宋代以来南北方不同发展路径的缩影。

The vast majority of sericulture textiles in Song Dynasty are still individualized production processes that exist as household sidelines.Farmers annual sericulture textile labor input distributed in autumn and winter early spring pruning branching,textile and spring and summer intersection of ploughing management and mulberry silkworm reeling,the latter become the busiest period of the year,sericulture textile also makes the family division of labor both flexible and practical,reflecting the gradually equal of ploughing and weaving status.Under the restriction of natural environment,different sericulture production techniques have been formed in North China dry farming area and Jiangzhe rice making area.Relationship between sericulture textile and farmers'livelihoods,and its differences in North China and Jiangzhe,is not only the reason why the center of gravity of sericulture silk industry moves southward,it can even be said to be a microcosm of the different development paths of the North and the South since the Song Dynasty.