5Hambleton, R K : Advances in Assessment Models and Practices. In D C Berliner, R C Calfee (ed.). (1996). Handbook of Educational Psychology. New York:Simon & Schunster MaCmillan. p. 902.
6Oosterhof, A (2001). Classroom Applications of Educational Measurement. (3^rd.ed. )New Jersey:Merrill Prantion Hall.p.232.
7Borich, G D , Tombari, M L ( 1997 ). Educational psychology.(2^nd. ed. )New York: Longman, p. 429.
8罗杰斯.自由学习[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006:131.
9Maslow,A.Motivation and Personality [M].New York: Harper & Row,1977.
10Deci,E.L.et al.Motivation and Education: the Self-Determination Perspective [J].Educational Psychology,1991,(26):325-346.