北京市社区居住老年人社会支持度量及其影响因素研究

Social support measurement and influencing factors for community-living elderly in Beijing

社会支持指老年人在所处的社会网络之中能够获得的一切物质及精神支持的总和.本研究的目的为探讨老龄人口社会支持资源的度量及其影响因素.基于2013年对居住在北京市城六区老年人进行的374份有效问卷的调查数据,采用修订的社会支持评定量表对老年人社会支持评分,采用二元逻辑回归方法对老年人社会支持资源及其影响效果进行分析.研究结果发现北京市老年人社会支持总分为22.09±3.78(总分值48分,得分率46.02%).Logistic回归分析结果显示,自评心理健康状况较差,居家养老满意度更高且有配偶的男性社区居住老年人更有可能获得较高的社会支持资源.从社会支持的客观支持、主观支持和利用度三维度来看:同住人数越多,居住在城市功能核心区,对子女看望满意度越高的、有配偶的男性老年人更有可能获得较高的客观社会支持;不具有工具性日常生活能力、自评心理健康较差的男性社区居住老年人更有可能获得较高的主观社会支持;收入较高的社区居住老年人对社会支持的利用度更高.影响社区居住老年人的因素主要分为人口社会学因素、健康状况因素和生活满意度因素,这3类因素对社会支持资源(包括主观支持、客观支持、利用度)的影响各有侧重.均衡老年人社会支持资源的性别差异、关注心理健康、维护良好的婚姻状况、提升居家养老满意度可以有效提升社会支持.

Social support refers to all material and spiritual support that older people can obtain in their social networks. In the present work measurement of social support for older people and influencing factors were examined. Survey data of 374 valid questionnaires to community-lived older people in six districts in Beijing in 2013 were analyzed. The revised social support rating scale was used to evaluate social support. Logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors of social support provided to older people. Total score of social support that community-living elderly received in Beijing was found to be 22.09 ± 3.78(46.02% of the total score of 48 points). Logistic regression analysis revealed that male elderly people with relatively poor self-rated mental health but with higher satisfaction living at home and with spouses were more likely to receive more social support. In terms of objective, subjective social support and their availability, male older people with spouses, living with more family members, living in core areas in Beijing, and with higher satisfaction about children’s visiting were more likely to receive higher objective social support. Male older people with low IADL ability, poor self-rated mental health were more likely to receive higher subjective social support. Older people with higher income were more likely to utilize social support. Demographic factors, health status and life satisfaction all have impact on social support that community-living older people could receive. These factors play different roles in affecting subjective support, objective support, and support availability. Balancing gender difference in social resources for older people, paying attention to mental health, maintaining marital status, and improving satisfaction of home-based care could all effectively improve social support for older people.