历史城镇形态演变中的“自下而上”与“自上而下”--以比利时运河小城达默为例

"Bottom-up" and "Top-down" in Historical Town’s Form Transformation--A Case Study of Damme in Belgium

通过对比利时运河小城达默的历史演进、形态演化及背后作用力的分析,研究了"自下而上"和"自上而下"途径在其中的作用方式。发现除了少数情况下发生典型的"自下而上"或"自上而下"城市发展方式外,大多数情况存在由地方政府执行,但反映实际使用者意志的"弱自下而上"途径,并延伸了"自下而上"城市设计途径的内涵:包含有使用者所构成的社区意志属性的城市发展途径。同时发现,在时间进程中,"自下而上"的城市设计途径存在演变现象:从单纯的基于个体生活的"强自下而上"的建设方式,逐渐转变为由自然、经济、生活、文化等多重因素引导,并由社区管理者和市民共同实施的"弱自下而上"的综合作用。

Through analysis of Damme’s historical growing process, form evolution and the dynamics, performing of "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches in different periods were studied. It has been found that typical "bottom-up" or "top-down" developing way appeared in limited situation, and in many occasions there were "weaker bottom-up" approaches carried out by local government that reflected the wills of users, which also contributed to extend the meaning of "bottom-up" urban design approaches: the urban developing approaches considering the motivation of community formed by individuals. And "bottom-up" urban design approaches have been transformed through time: from "stronger bottom-up" approaches purely based on individuals’ daily lives to multiple factors(nature, economic, life and culture, etc.) leading "weaker bottom-up" approaches carried out by both community managers and citizens.