物质主义价值观与时间压力对个体风险决策的影响

The Influence of Materialism and Time Pressure on Risky Decision-Making

本研究考察物质主义价值观和时间压力对个体风险决策的影响。根据被试在物质主义问卷上的得分,以27%为标准筛选出高低物质主义倾向被试,采用有无时间压力情境下的爱荷华赌博任务和仿真气球冒险任务对高低物质主义价值观被试的风险决策行为进行研究。实验结果显示,在两种决策任务中,物质主义倾向和时间压力间均存在显著的交互作用,有时间压力的情境下高物质主义倾向个体比低物质主义倾向个体表现出更多的风险寻求,无时间压力情境下,高低物质主义倾向个体在风险决策上无显著差异。时间压力增加了高物质主义倾向个体的风险寻求。时间压力对风险决策的影响与决策任务有关,在仿真气球冒险任务中,时间压力使决策者表现出现风险规避;在爱荷华赌博任务中,时间压力使决策者表现出风险寻求。

Nowadays, traditional values have been seriously impacted in China with the significant changes of the public’s social life and the introduction of western values in social transition period(Li & Chen, 2016). Acquisition and consumption of materials have become an important way for most individuals to seek for success and happiness(Jiang, Yang, Yu, Liang, & Ke, 2015). And the tendency of materialism is becoming increasingly pervasive. The development of material values derived partly from personal psychological insecurity(Li, Guo, 2008). When psychology is in a state of insecurity, the individual will regard materialism as a compensation strategy to reduce the pain from insecurity(Sheldon & Kasser, 2008). Previous studies have shown that psychological insecurity can affect risk preference(Lu & Wang, 2016). However, research related to the influence of materialism on risky decision-making is rarely involved. Lopes(1987) suggested that individual risky decision-making can be interpreted as the result of interaction between individual factors and situational factors. At present, time pressure has been regarded as an important situational variable in the research of risky decision-making factors. However, the effects of time pressure on individual risk preferences in previous studies are not consistent, which may be related to the type of decision-making task and individual variables(Inbar, Cone, & Gilovich, 2010). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of materialism and time pressure on risky decision-making. According to the score of the subjects in the Material Value Scale, the top 27% of score were chosen as subjects for high materialism tendency;whereas the bottom 27% of score were chosen as subjects for low materialism tendency. Iowa Gambling Task and Balloon Analogue Risk Task were employed to explore risky decision-making in this research. The IGT revealed that there was a higher net score, greater decision performance and a higher final score for the no time-pressure group than the time-pressure group. And under time pressure, the net score and final profit of the high materialism group were significantly lower than those of the low materialism group. In addition, the BART revealed that there were a greater number of exploded balloons and more inflation number of unexploded balloons for the no time-pressure group than the time-pressure group. Further, under time pressure, the number of exploded balloons and inflation number of unexploded balloons in high materialism group were significantly more than those in the low materialism group. In short, this research indicated that the influence of material values on risky decision-making behavior was regulated by time pressure, that is, there was no significant difference in the risky decision-making behavior between high and low materialism group without time pressure, but in the time-pressure condition, individuals with high materialistic tendency showed stronger risk preference than those with low materialistic tendency. In addition, this study also suggested that the impact of time pressure on risky decision-making was related to decisionmaking tasks. In BART, time pressure makes decision makers show risk aversion;in IGT, time pressure makes decision makers show risk seeking.