效率与公平调和下的美国社区发展公司

Trade-off of Efficiency and Equity:Community Development Corporations in the U.S.

旧区改造涉及诸多方面的问题,历来都是一大难点。美国20世纪40年代开始进入旧改阶段,先后经历了市场主导的城市更新计划和政府主导的社区行动计划,前者为了快速推进旧改,以市场效率为导向引发城市发展不均衡难题,后者为了矫正以社会公平为导向,又陷入社区发展停滞的效率困境。随着翻越效率和公平优先论的"二元困境"思潮,20世纪70年代美国旧改逐步进入社区发展公司阶段,试图结合政府和私营制度,并从主体构架、资金来源、运作制度、监管机制、开发模式和社区服务等6个方面展开效率与公平的调和策略。面对当下中国城市社区的旧改困境,解析美国社区发展公司形成的内在机制,对中国社区更新具有一定的参考价值。

Restoration of decaying communities has always been a huge challenge because of the involvement of various stakeholders and social issues.At the beginning of the 1940 s,neighborhoods and communities in the U.S.entered the stage of revitalization,getting through the implementation of Urban Renewal Program led by the market and Community Action Program led by the government.The former,which was market-efficiency-oriented,gave rise to the urban unbalanced development by way of quick demolition and rebuilding.The latter turned into social-equity-oriented development but trapped in the predicament of economic stagnation of communities.In order to solve the dilemma of efficiency as priority or equity,the Community Development Corporations were formed in the 1970 s.They combined private companies with government systems and developed mixed strategies taking both efficiency and equity into account in terms of six areas,namely subject structures,financial resources,conducting rules,monitor systems,development mode and community services.As Chinese cities are faced with the plight of revitalizing decaying communities,revealing the internal system of CDCs in the U.S.will provide a valuable reference to the community development in China.