晚明阳明心学视域下的《四书》诠释--以冯从吾《四书》学为中心

The Interpretation of Four Books From the Perspective of Yangming’s Xin Xue in the Late Ming Dynasty--Centered An Feng Congwu’s Four Books

晚明的学术思潮呈现出多元并存但又以一元为主的特质,而这一元即是阳明心学,它以卓绝的学术地位形塑着《四书》诠释的主题和走向。身兼心学、关学、东林党等多重身份的冯从吾藉由《四书》的诠释,立足于心性之学,通过驳难无善无恶心之体,打并本体、工夫为一,提揭讲学以明道救世、辟异端以划清心学、禅学界限等理论新诠,具体而微地展现出晚明《四书》学在阳明心学的波及之下,突破朱子藩篱,引证心学思想;不拘解经程式,自由诠释经典;凸显道德意识、注重道德救世的学术特质,激活僵化的《四书》诠释,开显《四书》诠释的新面向,整体呈现出"心学化"的诠释趋向,成为管窥晚明阳明心学与经典诠释之间相切互动乃至晚明复杂多变的学术思潮的一个重要切入点。

It finds that the academic trend in the late period of the Ming Dynasty appears a style of muti-element co-existent which is also dominated by one element: Yangming Xin Xue. And this one shapes the theme and tendency of the systematic interpretation of Four Books with its extraordinary academic status. Feng Congwu, who has multiple identities such as Donglin Party, the researcher on Xin Xue and Guan Xue as well, plays an importantrole in the study of Confucianism’s Xin-xing by means of the interpretation of Four Books. Basing on arguing against the thesis "the Xin’s ontology is neither good nor evil", he combines the theories of Ontology and Moral Practice into one, and puts a further forward that "giving lectures is to elucidate trues and save the world","criticizing heterodoxy is to devise the Xin Xue and Zen studies" and so on. It deeply presents how Four Books outbreaks the limitation of Zhuxi’s Neo-confucianism in order to cite the thought of Xin Xue under the influence of Yang-ming theory in the late Ming dynasty.Moreover, his research does not stickle in the old interpretation of classics, highlighting moral consciousness, and paying attention to the academic characteristics of moral salvation. In this way he attempts to activate the rigid interpretation of Four Books, open up the new orientation of the interpretation of Four Books, and presenting the interpretation tendency of Xin Xue. Feng Congwu’s Four Books is an important point to grasp the interactive relation between Yangming Xin Xue and classical interpretation,what’s more,which is beneficial to grasp the complex and changing academic trends in the late Ming Dynasty.