何谓意识?——东西方意识哲学传统中的视角与理解

Consciousness Understanding: In Perspective of Eastern and Western Tradition of Consciousness Philosophy

这里要讨论的"意识",在古今东西方的意识哲学传统中具有各种各样的表达方式。本文的意图在于尽可能清晰地说明,"意识"就是在笛卡尔那里被称作"直接意识"的东西,就是在胡塞尔的意识现象学中被称作"原意识"或"内觉知"的东西,就是在心灵哲学与海德堡学派那里也被称作"自身意识"或"自我意识"的东西;而且它们同样也是在古代东方的瑜伽行唯识学派那里被称作"自证"的东西;最后,它们与在心理学和科学哲学中被称作"感受质"的东西也是一致的。在所有这些概念中都包含了关于"意识"的各种相近视角和相应理解。

The "consciousness"to be discussed here is manifested in various modes in the tradition of philosophy of consciousness,in modern and ancient times,and in the East and the West. The following elucidation is to be intended as clearly as possible: "consciousness"is the "immediate consciousness"in Descartes,the "primal consciousness"( Urbewuβtsein) or "inner awareness"( inneres Gewahren) in Husserl’s phenomenology of consciousness,and the "self-consciousness"( Selbstbewuβtsein) or "self-awareness"in the philosophy of mind and Heidelberg school;in addition,it is the "self-consciousness "(Svasamvedana) in the VijnaptimātratāSchool of Yogakara of ancient Orient;and finally,it is also coincident with that which is called"qualia"in psychology and philosophy of science. All these concepts contain various similar perspectives and corresponding understandings with regard to "consciousness".