竞争中立视域下政府补贴的公平竞争审查路径

Fair Competition Review of Government Subsidies from the Perspective of Competition Neutrality

竞争政策与产业政策是两个不同维度的政策,在市场经济中相互交织但又面临优先顺位的叩问。将公平竞争审查融入具有产业政策属性的政府补贴之中,有助于实现政府补贴政策的衡平价值和维护公平竞争秩序。目前我国政府补贴与公平竞争审查不仅缺乏优先顺位和协同机制,而且政府补贴存在竞争扭曲、逆向选择、区域反竞争、实质反竞争等现实问题。有鉴于此,政府补贴的竞争中立旨在通过公平竞争审查明确政府补贴的原则性禁止,仅允许例外存在社会政策性目的的政府补贴,并面向最少受惠者(弱势市场主体和产业部门)的基本利益。故而,我国政府补贴应从经济政策性转向社会政策性目的,并且具体通过公平竞争审查范围的全覆盖、公平竞争审查的行政合作模式、公共竞争审查程序的法定和阶段性、公平竞争审查标准的实质化探索推进政府补贴与公平竞争的政策协同。

Although there are still debates about whether competition policy or industrial policy shall be prioritized,the two go hand in hand in the practice of market economy.To include fair competition review in the granting of government subsidies,regarded as the concrete representations of industrial policy,is crucial in achieving the balancing effect of government subsidies and ensuring fair competition.However,China's government subsidies and fair competition review are ambiguous in sequence of priority and poor in coordination.Practical issues such as distortion in competition,adverse selection,regional anti-competition and de facto anti-competition still exist.Fair competition review of government subsidies is a way to clarify the prohibition of government subsidies in principle,only allowing government subsidies with social policy objectives as exceptions and pointing to the basic interests of the least beneficiaries,including vulnerable market subjects and industrial sectors.Government subsidies should shift the purpose from economic policy to social policy.In order to achieve coordinationin policy between government subsidies and fair competition,four aspects should be covered specifically in fair competition review for government subsidies,namely,to ensure full coverage,to establish the administrative cooperation model,to lay down the statutory and phased procedures and to explore the relevant criteria.