先秦劳动观的演进及其对建构新时代工匠精神的启示

Research on the Theoretical Evolution of the View of Labor in the Pre-Qin Period

在华夏文明之始,劳动作为一种社会现象率先因其产出的产品而受到关注。先秦儒学将作为农耕劳动主体的"民"纳入德治的框架之下,劳动因其主体被道德化审视而具备道德属性。墨子以"赖其力者生"将劳动规定为人的首要属性,并从个体、社会、天志三个层面评判劳动的积极效用。相较于儒、墨思想对劳动主体与效用的关注,先秦道家更关注劳动行为本身。庄子思想力图通过物我两忘的方式消解劳动过程中主体之精神自由与对象的物质必然之间的对立,使二者和于天道,为本土文明破解劳动异化问题提供了方案。

Early human civilization regarded labor as a sign of poverty and lowness. This concept changed gradually in the pre-Qin period. Confucius judged labor morally through the discovery and care of the subject of labor, and thus initiated the process of labor moralization. Mozi’s evaluation of labor from the three perspectives of fate, society and God’s will laid the foundation of the ancient Chinese concept of labor. Finally, Taoism carried out spiritual and transcendental transformation of labor, which provided the dimension of freedom for labor. The theoretical evolution of the pre-Qin labor outlook has provided positive value factors for the construction of craftsman spirit in the new era with Chinese characteristics.