英国烟雾治理的政治博弈——以1956年《清洁空气法》为中心的考察

The Political Game of British Smog Management:A Study Centered on the Clean Air Act of 1956

1952年英国发生的“毒雾”事件引起社会对烟雾问题的关注。英国政府于1956年出台《清洁空气法》,试图以法律手段治理烟雾问题。在法案出台过程中,英国议会围绕烟雾的危害,地方当局与中央政府的控烟权限,燃料供应与经济发展等问题展开激烈辩论。这些辩论涉及保守党、地方当局、工商业集团、普通民众等团体,由环境问题转化为政治问题,牵涉利益再分配,导致各个利益集团的博弈。而这些博弈反映出不同群体在烟雾问题上的观点分歧以及各自的利益诉求和价值取向。法案最终得以通过,环境治理成为共识,为实现环境与发展和谐共生提供了巨大的思考空间。

The“poisonous smog”incident that occurred in Britain in 1952 aroused public concern,so the British government introduced the Clean Air Act in 1956 to tackle the smog problem by legal means.During the promulgation of the act,the British parliament engaged in heated debates on the dangers of smog,power and responsibility of local authorities and the central government,fuel supply and economic development,and so on.These debates involved groups such as the Conservative Party,local authorities,industrial and commercial groups,general public etc.,which turned environmental issues into political issues,involved redistribution of interests,and led to a game among various interest groups.These games reflect the divergent views of different groups on the smog problem,as well as their respective interests and values.The final passage of the bill shows that environmental governance has become a consensus,providing a huge space for people to think about the harmonious coexistence of environment and development.