舍勒与康德在“偏好”问题上的分歧

Scheler’s Disagreement with Kant on“Preference”

伊曼努尔·康德与马克思·舍勒都提到了“偏好”问题,但二者对于偏好问题的理论差异很大。康德的“偏好”指自然欲望,舍勒的“偏好”指“善的趋向”。舍勒设定的“偏好”概念具有向善和自明的特点。“自明”特点使得偏好无须论证,构成了舍勒理论的基础。从“偏好”概念的差异出发,康德强调意志的自由,而舍勒则提出了情感的先天和绝对性。这两种理论体系都致力于寻求道德的绝对化,但是各有不足。康德实践理性理论的不足是忽视了个体的特点,舍勒的情感秩序体系的缺陷在于缺乏一种形式化的先天制约。

Immanuel Kant.and Max Scheler both mentioned the“preference”problem,but the two theory are very different.Kant’s“preference”refers to natural desire,and Scheler’s“preference”refers to“the trend of good.”The concept of“preference”set by Scheler has the characteristics of being good and self-evident.The characteristics of“self-realization”make preference unnecessary to be demonstrated.“self-realization”form the basis of Scheler’s theory.Starting from the difference in the concept of“preference”,Kant emphasized the freedom of will,while Scheler proposed the innate and absolute nature of emotions.Both of these theoretical systems are devoted to seeking the absolutization of morality,but each has its own shortcomings.The deficiency of Kant’s theory of practical reason is that it ignores the characteristics of the individual.The defect of Scheler’s emotional order system lies in the lack of a formal innate restriction.