当代俄罗斯史学中动乱学研究的新趋向

The New Trend of Smuta Studies in Contemporary Russian Historiography

苏联解体后,俄罗斯学界开始反思20世纪初的革命,在深化对17世纪初大动乱研究的基础上,形成一种以“动乱”取代“革命”的话语,采用多学科综合研究的方法,构建以“动乱—帝国”为模型的俄国国家系统性危机理论体系的动乱学研究范式。该范式强调,17世纪初、20世纪初和20世纪末发生的历史事件是俄国国家制度的三次系统性危机(即动乱),前两次危机都以建立帝国而结束,俄国历史在“动乱—帝国”的周期性节律中循环。动乱学的提出,是21世纪“俄罗斯学”和“帝国学”研究热潮下的产物,也是一部分俄国学者对当前俄罗斯向何处去的一种回答。但作为建构一门新学科的尝试,其学科体系尚待进一步深化。

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,scholars in Russia began to rethink the revolution in the early twentieth century.They replaced“revolution”with“Smuta,”a concept that is derived from the studies of Russian history of the early seventeenth century.Based on an interdisciplinary approach,they constructed a research paradigm of Smuta Studies as the theoretical framework to register the change between the time of national crisis and empire.This paradigm emphasizes that the three historical moments respectively in the early seventeenth,the early twentieth,and the late twentieth centuries witnessed the systemic crises of the Russian state(i.e.smuta).The first two crises ended with the rise of empire,and Russian history vacillates in the periodic rhythm of"smuta-empire".The Smuta Studies is not only the product of the upsurge of Russian Studies and Imperial Studies in the twentieth-first century,but also a response from some Russian scholars to where Russia is currently going.However,as a new disciplinary approach,its many aspects remain to be developed.