早稻、晚稻和中稻干物质积累及氮素吸收利用的差异

Differences in dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization among early,late and middle rice

【目的】阐明早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质积累和氮素吸收利用规律及其差异,为水稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】以2000-2016年各年份及田间试验、籼稻、目标产量最佳施肥处理等关键词,搜集了中国知网、维普科技期刊网等数据库中发表的论文和结果。分析了早稻、晚稻和中稻的产量、氮素积累量和百千克籽粒吸氮量。基于分析结果,于2016和2017年在湖北省武穴市大金镇布置田间试验,测定水稻关键生育时期的干物质量及氮含量,计算氮积累量,采用Logistic方程y=K/(1+ae^-bt)拟合水稻干物质积累和氮素积累过程,分析早稻、晚稻和中稻的干物质积累和氮素吸收利用规律。【结果】符合筛选标准的早稻、晚稻、中稻产量样本数分别为92、116、132个,氮素积累量样本数分别为55、56、55个,百千克籽粒吸氮量样本数分别为50、48、54个。试验省份包括湖北、湖南、江西、广西、江苏、安徽、浙江、福建、四川。数据分析结果显示,早稻、晚稻和中稻平均产量分别为7.40、7.84、8.67 t/hm^2;平均氮素积累量分别为140.8、148.9、157.7kg/hm^2;平均百千克籽粒吸氮量分别为2.00、1.92、1.79 kg。两年田间试验结果表明,早稻、晚稻和中稻干物质积累均表现为"慢-快-慢"的增长趋势。早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质快速积累期分别在移栽后28~54、24~54、30~63天,均在拔节期-灌浆期;干物质快速积累持续时间分别为26、30、32天左右,表现为中稻>晚稻>早稻。早稻、晚稻和中稻氮素积累也表现为"慢-快-慢"的增长趋势。早稻、晚稻、中稻氮素快速积累期分别在移栽后17~41、14~46、11~43天;氮素快速积累持续时间分别为24、33、32天,中稻和晚稻氮素快速积累持续时间比早稻长。早稻、晚稻、中稻氮素籽粒生产效率分别为50.5~54.4、54.6~57.9、62.7~64.8 kg/kg,中稻显著高于早稻和晚稻;稻氮肥偏生产力分别为41.4~47.8、56.1~58.8、61.8~62.1kg/kg,表现为中稻显著高于早稻。【结论】早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质积累和氮素积累均呈"S"型曲线增长,但其特征值不同,中稻和晚稻的干物质快速积累持续时间和氮素快速积累持续时间比早稻长,有助于吸收较多的养分,积累较多的干物质。3种水稻的产量水平和氮素积累量均表现为中稻>晚稻>早稻,因此在施肥决策时应考虑早稻、晚稻、中稻的生长情况和养分需求特点,中稻氮肥投入要比早稻和晚稻略高。

【Objectives】The pattern of dry matter accumulation,N absorption and utilization of early,late and middle rice were summarized,to provide a theoretical basis for scientific application of nitrogen fertilizer.【Methods】We collected data from China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database and China Science and Technology Journal Database.The searched key words included year 2000-2016,field experiment,indica rice,optimum fertilizer treatment for best target yield,etc.We analyzed the yield,N accumulation and uptake for 100 kg grain production in early,late and middle rice.Based on above results,field trials were carried out in Dajin Town,Wuxue City,Hubei Province,in 2016 and 2017.The dry matter weight and N content in the key growth period of rice were determined,and the N accumulation was calculated.The logistic equation y=K/(1+ae^-bt)was used to fit the dry matter and N accumulation process of rice,to studied the dry matter accumulation and N absorption and utilization of early,late and middle rice.【Results】The qualified sample number for early,late and middle rice were 92,116 and 132;for N accumulation were 55,56 and 55;for N uptake per 100 kg grain were50,48 and 54.The experiments covered provinces of Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,Guangxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Zhejiang,Fujian and Sichuan.From the published literature the average yields of early,late and middle rice were 7.40,7.84 and 8.67 t/hm^2,respectively;the average N accumulation were 140.8,148.9 and 157.7 kg/hm^2;the N uptake for100 kg grains were 2.00,1.92 and 1.79 kg,respectively.Our field trial results showed that the dry matter accumulation of early,late and middle rice were in line with the growth trend of"slow–fast–slow",and the rapid accumulation period of dry matter were 28–54 days,24–54 days and 30–63 days after transplanting,all in jointing–filling stage.The duration of dry matter accumulation were 26 days,30 days and 32 days,respectively,and in order of middle rice>late rice>early rice.The N accumulation of early,late and middle rice all showed a trend of"slow–fast–slow".The rapid N accumulation period were 17–41 days,14–46 days and 11–43 days after transplanting.Duration of N accumulation were 24 days,33 days and 32 days,respectively.The rapid accumulation of N in middle and late rice were longer than that in early rice.The N use efficiency for grain output of early,late and middle rice were 50.5–54.4 kg/kg,54.6–57.9 kg/kg and 62.7–64.8 kg/kg,and that of middle rice was significantly higher than early and late rice.The N partial productivity were 41.4–47.8 kg/kg,56.1–58.8 kg/kg,61.8–62.1 kg/kg,that of middle rice was significantly higher than early rice.【Conclusions】The dry matter and nitrogen accumulation process of early,late and middle rice are accordant and all in"S"shape,however,the intensity of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation are different.The duration of rapid accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in middle and late rice are longer than that of early rice,so they can absorb more nutrients and accumulate more dry matter.And the yield level and nitrogen uptake are in order of middle rice>late rice>early rice,indicating that middle rice need more nitrogen input than early rice and late rice.