英美刑法辩护理由中的“胁迫”及其启示

Coercion in the Defense in Anglo-American Criminal Law and its Enlightenment

胁迫是英美法系各国刑法普遍承认的一种犯罪辩护理由。传统意义的胁迫是指胁迫者以紧迫的死亡或严重伤害身体相威胁,迫使行为人实施某种被刑法禁止的行为。胁迫是一种犯罪的可宽恕事由,其根据在于,当一个人面临一般人都无法抗拒的严重威胁,主观上难以作出合法的选择时,缺乏刑事归责的可能性。我国刑法中没有胁迫的概念,司法中按照紧急避险处理被胁迫犯罪案件,这既不符合被胁迫犯罪的本质,也限制了胁迫的适用范围。我国刑法应当引入胁迫的概念,将其视为一种独立的阻却责任事由。我国刑法对胁迫的适用,应当采取形式与实质相结合的标准。胁迫不能适用于故意杀人犯罪。

Coercion is a kind of criminal defense universally recognized in the criminal law of the common law countries.The traditional meaning of coercion refers to the threat of the intimidating death or serious injury to the body,forcing the perpetrator to implement certain acts prohibited by criminal law.Coercion is a forgiveness of the crime,based on the fact that when a person faces a serious threat that cannot be resisted by the average person and is subjectively difficult to make a legitimate choice,there is lack of criminal liability.There is no concept of coercion in China’s Criminal Law,and the case of coercion crimes is handled in the judiciary in accordance with emergency hedging,which not only doesn’t meet the nature of coerced crime,but also limits the scope of application of coercion.China’s Criminal Law should introduce the concept of coercion as an independent responsibility to hinder responsibility.The application of coercion should adopt the combination of form and substance.Coercion cannot be applied to intentional homicide.