聚落考古与龙山文化社会形态

Settlement Archaeology and the Social Form of Longshan Culture

史前聚落考古的丰富研究成果表明,龙山社会在家户形态、经济生活、社会分层、政体形态等层面展现出丰富内涵与重要变化。在此时期,核心家庭上升为社会基本单位的主体,并与社会和生活的诸多变化息息相关。活跃的经济活动建立在集约化之上的专业化生产和社会化倾向开始的基础之上,得到了依托于各级聚落的贸易网络(尤其是区域中心所在城市)的支持。当时社会已出现政治权力意义上的分化,社会分层在层级化的区域社会聚落层面也有着清晰反映,并且可能已经出现了相当集中的政治权力。围绕一个城市形成的区域社会在当时已普遍出现,这种社会具有比较清晰的边界,相互独立,其政体形态当为城邦。

As shown by the fruitful archaeological work on prehistoric settlements,Longshan society displays rich contents and important changes in family form,economic life,social stratification,form of polity,etc.During this period,the nuclear family rose to be the main body of the basic social unit,and was closely related to many changes in society and people's lives.Economic activity intensified thanks to trends toward specialized production and socialization,receiving support from trade networks that relied on the settlements(especially in cities that were regional centers).At that time,social differentiation emerged in terms of political power;social stratification was clearly reflected at the level of hierarchical regional settlements,and political power may have been quite centralized.Regional societies formed around cities were common.These societies took the form of the city-state polity;they had relatively clear boundaries,and remained independent of each other.