技能获得的“具身性”探析及启示--基于两个经典技能获得理论的比较分析

Exploration and Implications of “Embodiment” in Skill Acquisition--Based on the comparison of two classic theories concerning skill acquisition

技能作为人在特定领域的专门能力,其本质特点和获得原理一直是哲学和认知科学关注和争议的热点,特别是在以具身认知为代表的后认知主义诞生后,身体以及身体与环境互动的"具身性"特征,成为研究技能本质和技能获得的重要视角。美国学者休伯特·德雷福斯提出的"技能获得阶段理论",正是从现象学视角突显了具身性在技能获得中的重要意义,该理论一经提出引发了领域内长期的讨论和争议。而几乎同时期,我国学者陈凡和陈昌曙提出了"技能发展的‘三段式’规律理论",但两个理论的比较研究十分鲜明。本文通过对两个理论进行比较分析,探寻共同点,发现了"有活动能力的身体"在技能获得中的重要意义,从具身现象学角度对技能本质和获得影响因素进行再反思,并就相关因素对当前高技能人才培养的启示和借鉴意义展开讨论。

Skills are specific abilities in a certain field. Their essence,and the cognition and actions of the agents of skills has long been discussed in philosophy and cognitive science. After the birth of post cognitivism with "embodiment" as its representative,body and embodiment in the interaction between body and environment has become a new perspective in studying the essence of skills. The skill acquisition theory,proposed by the American scholar H.L. Deryfuse,which claims that skills are acquired and then developed at seven stages,highlights the importance of embodiment in skill acquisition from the perspective of phenomenology. Upon its proposal,the theory has been in controversy and has triggered heated discussion At nearly the same time,Chen Fan,a Chinese scholar,also put forward his theory concerning skill acquisition which claims that skills are acquired and then developed at three stages. This paper makes a comparison of these two theories,trying to find out their similarities,especially on the significance of body in skill acquisition. Furthermore,this paper reflects the essence of skills and the factors influencing skill acquisition from the perspective of embodied phenomenology and discusses the enlightenment of certain elements on the cultivation of highly-skilled talents。