海洋的变化及其对生态系统和人类社会的影响、风险及应对

Impacts and risks of changing ocean on marine ecosystems and dependent communities and related responses

IPCC《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》评估了全球和区域海洋的气候变化及其对生态系统和人类社会的影响、风险及应对措施。结果表明,近几十年来,海洋的物理和化学性质发生了明显变化,如升温、酸化、脱氧和营养盐减少等气候致灾因子(事件)的危害(险)性不断加剧(高信度)。这种变化正在影响从上层到底层的海洋生态系统和人类社会的可持续发展,如海洋初级生产力的下降、物种地理分布的变迁、渔业资源潜在渔获量的下降以及食品供应的减少(高信度)。在气候变化与非气候人为干扰因素的综合影响下,随着温室气体排放的增加(从RCP2.6到RCP8.5情景),到21世纪末,几乎所有类型的海洋和海岸带生态系统将处于高或很高的风险水平(高信度);其中,暖水珊瑚礁生态系统尤其严重,如果全球升温1.5℃和2℃,将分别消失70%~90%和99%以上(很高信度)。然而,当前多种减缓气候变化的海洋应对措施的作用较小,有的可能带来生态危险,而许多降低气候风险的海洋适应措施的作用也很有限,特别是在RCP8.5情景下的作用更小;未来海洋生态系统的风险水平在RCP2.6情景下均低于RCP8.5情景(很高信度)。因此,这凸显了减缓气候变化尤其是减缓和适应气候变化综合治理的重要性。

The IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate(SROCC) presents an assessment of the changes in the ocean climate, their impacts on ecosystems and human society, related risks, and responses. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the ocean, such as warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and reduction of nutrients referred to ocean climate hazards, have changed significantly over the past decades(high confidence). This is affecting the marine ecosystems from the surface to sea floor and having negative consequences on human society and sustainable development(high confidence), e.g., the changes in biogeography of organisms ranging from phytoplankton to benthonic organism, consequently reduction in primary production and maximum catch potential of fish stocks as well as food provision etc. It is obvious that, globally, almost all marine ecosystems are expected to be at high or very high risk by the end of the 21 st century under compound impacts of climate change and non-climatic anthropogenic factors, with increasing greenhouse gas emission(from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5 scenario)(high confidence). In particular, the warm water coral reefs are projected to disappear by 70%-90% and larger than 99% at global warming of 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃, respectively(very high confidence). However, the effectiveness of many ocean-based climate mitigation is smaller or have higher uncertainties, and the capacity of many adaptation approaches for risk reduction, especially under the RCP8.5 scenario, are also limited. It is noted that RCP2.6 has a lower level of risk for all types of marine ecosystems than RCP8.5(very high confidence). These highlight the critical importance of mitigation and the increasing effectiveness of the different type portfolios of mitigation and adaptation to climate change.