领土条约的界定标准、解释方法及其运行结构

Criteria for Defining Territorial Treaties,Methods of Interpretation and Their Operational Structure

领土主权属于一国的核心利益问题。国际法院基于《维也纳条约法公约》第31-32条之规定,在解决领土条约争端时采取了"实质优于形式"和"同意"等界定标准。同时,在适用该《公约》解释相关条款时采取了不同的解释方法,体现了一定的灵活性,但也出现过矛盾与反复。对此,应根据该《公约》第31-32条规定的内部要素及外部变量,优化领土条约的解释方法和运行结构。这种路径的设计不再拘泥于《条约法公约》本身,适当拓展、引入当事方提供的证明事实真相的关键证据,对领土条约的解释进行补充说明,并非游离于《条约法公约》之外,转而寻求保持占有法律、有效控制等法理基础及相应的事实主张和证据,而是将两者合而为一,以《条约法公约》解释规则为主,其他关键证据为辅的层级解释路径。另外,国际法院在解释相关领土条约时,除了适用"《条约法公约》+其他层级关键证据"模式外,还应借鉴学界的解释方法论,以使得两者交互影响,进一步完善条约解释方法的路径,实现对领土条约解释规则的再造。

Territorial sovereignty is the fundamental issue for a state. The International Court of Justice, on the basis of articles 31-32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopts the criterion of "substantial superiority over form"and "consent" in the settlement of territorial treaty disputes. At the same time, different interpretation methods are adopted in the application of the interpretation clause of the Convention, which reflects certain flexibility, but there have been contradictions and reversals. Therefore, according to the internal elements stipulated in articles 31-32 of the Convention and the external variables introduced, the interpretation method and operation structure of the territorial treaty should be optimized. That is, the design of such a path is no longer bound by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties itself and extends appropriately to the introduction of various types of evidence provided by the parties to supplement the interpretation of territorial treaties and not to dissociate themselves from the Convention, Instead of seeking to maintain the legal basis of possession law, effective control, historical rights and the corresponding evidence of fact, the two are combined into one with the interpretation rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Other evidence is supplemented by a hierarchical explanation of the path. In addition, in interpreting the relevant territorial treaties, the International Court of Justice, in addition to applying the "evidence and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties" model, should also draw reference from the interpretation methodology of the academic community in order to make the two interact with each other, further improve the path of treaty interpretation method, and realize the reconstruction of territorial treaty interpretation rules.