先秦法家“法治”主义下的正义话语——以商鞅变法为例

The Justice Discourse in the Pre-Qin Legalist’s“Rule of Law”:Taking the Shang Yang Reform as an Example

先秦法家所主张的“法治”主义,不仅在战乱纷飞的时局之下发挥着不可替代的政治效用,也是秦国得以脱颖而出并统一六国的政治保障,更是从侧面回击了后世对于先秦法家“严刑苛法”的工具主义的偏见。从“法”字出发逐本溯源,先秦法家的“法治”理念所承载的正义色彩,不仅是“汉承秦制”的精神内核,也是对于“秦二世而亡”的现代回应。虽然先秦法家的“法治”理念存在着难以抗拒的时代局限性和视野短板,但是丝毫不逊色于古代西方哲学中关于公平正义思想的论述,甚至有着超越时代的理性气质与实践意义。在提倡法治现代化和本土化的当下,对先秦法家“法治”主义中“正义”色彩及其实践进行重新梳理,对于构建一套既富有现代法治精神又根植于优秀本土传统的“正义”话语,有着极其重要的意义。

The notion of“Justice”advocated by the legalists during the Pre-Qin period not only played an irreplaceable political utility,but also countered the instrumentalist bias toward later generations of the legalists of“Severe Punishment and Harsh Punishment”.During the Pre-Qin period,the legalist’s concept of“Justice”which is according to the word“FA”is reflected in the people’s interests,normative attributes,no grade penalty,people-oriented ideology and the concept of happiness under utilitarianism.Although it existed irresistible shortcomings of the times and shortages of vision,it did not take the slightest preconditions compared with the ideas about fairness and justice in the ancient Western philosophy,and even had the rational temperament beyond the time and practical significance.At the moment of advocating the modernization and localization of the rule of law,the concept of“Justice”and its practice in the legalist rule of the Pre-Qin period are reinterpreted and sorted out.This is of great help to the construction of a concepts that are both rich in modern rule of law and rooted in outstanding indigenous traditions“Justice”.