离婚财产分割协议效力探究——以不动产执行异议之诉为视角

Probe into the Validity of Divorce Property Settlement Agreement:From the Perspective of Lawsuits of Objection to Real Estate Enforcement

基于离婚财产分割协议提出的不动产执行异议之诉,在司法实务中,法院裁判不一,裁判理由各异。究其原因,是对离婚财产分割协议的法律效力认识不一所致。离婚财产分割协议是具有身份性质的财产法律行为,与一般财产法律行为不同,应该优先适用《婚姻法》;认定离婚财产分割协议具有物权变动效力,具有法理上的正当性与法律上的可行性,与第三人利益保护不相违背。法院在审理基于离婚财产分割协议提出的不动产执行异议之诉时,可从不动产登记簿、离婚财产分割协议的物权变动效力以及第三人利益审查等方面厘清裁判思路。在离婚财产分割协议具有直接导致物权变动的效力下,该协议约定的不动产归属人是物权人,一般情形下,享有排除强制执行的不动产实体权益。

In the judicial practice,there are different court decisions and different reasons for the lawsuits of objection to real estate execution based on the divorce property division agreement.The reason is that there are different understandings about the legal effect of the divorce division agreements.The divorce property division agreement is a kind of property legal act with individual identity.Different from general property legal act,the Marriage Law should be applied preferentially.It should be identified that the divorce property division agreement has the effect of real right change;it has the legal legitimacy and legal feasibility,not violating the protection of the interests of the third party.When the court hears the lawsuit of real estate execution objection based on the divorce prop-erty division agreement,it can mainly clarifies the judgment ideas from the aspects of the real estate register,the real right change effect of the divorce property division agreement and the third party interest review.If the divorce property settlement agreement has the effect of directly leading to the change of real rights,the owner of the property stipulated in the agreement is the owner of the property,and,in general,enjoys the substantive right to exclude enforcement.