宅基地“三权分置”之权利入股农民合作社的法理障碍和化解对策

Legal obstacle and solution to transforming right of homestead into shareholding right in farmers’cooperative under the“separation of three rights”

深化宅基地制度改革,中央提出完善农民闲置宅基地和闲置农房政策,探索宅基地所有权、资格权、使用权"三权分置"。闲置宅基地和闲置农房之权利入股农民专业合作社,不仅是深化宅基地制度改革的一项重大举措和重要内容,而且也是为激发乡村发展活力、促进乡村振兴提供有力支撑的一条新路子,更直接为开拓农民专业合作社实体经营形式奔向实体强社的新途径。在"三权分置"下"宅基地资格权""宅基地使用权"、房屋财产权和房屋使用权等权利之生成遭遇法理尴尬,且"宅基地使用权"和房屋使用权入股农民专业合作社呈现法理障碍而出现众多怪象问题。本文为解决上述困惑对"两权分离"的宅基地使用权双重性进行深入理论反思后认为它是具有唯一性特质的用益物权,并依据法理探索宅基地使用权物权变动和债权产生之法则,最后提出宅基地"两权分离"下之宅基地使用权(包括房屋所有权)直接入股其法律制度完善对策和配套制度建设。本文研究目标是为宅基地上之规范权利入股农民专业合作社创造良法之法理基础环境和良好之实践运行机制。

To deepen the homestead system reform,the central government has proposed improving the policy of farmers’idle homestead and housing to explore the"separation of three rights",i.e.the separation of rights of ownership,qualification and use of homestead.Transforming the right of idle homestead and farmhouse into the shareholding right in farmers’professional cooperative is not only a major measure and important content to deepen the homestead system reform,but also a new way to provide strong support for stimulating the vitality of rural development and promoting rural revitalization.Moreover,it opens up a new way for farmers’professional cooperative to evolve into a strong entity in practice.Under the"separation of three rights",the generation of"homestead qualification right","homestead use right",house property right and house use right has encountered the legal awkwardness,and many strange phenomena have appeared in the process of transfoming"homestead use right"and house use right into shareholding right in farmers’professional cooperative due to legal obstacles.In order to resolve the above-mentioned confusion,this paper makes an in-depth theoretical reflection on the dual nature of homestead use right according to the"separation of two rights,"and considers it to be a usufructuary property with unique characteristics.It explores the change of real right of homestead use right and the generation of obligatory right according to the legal principle.It finally proposes that the homestead use right(including the ownership of house)under the"separation of two rights"of homestead should directly transform into shareholding right to improve legal system and supporting institutional construction.The research objective of the paper is to create a good legal basis and a good practical operating mechanism for transforming the right of homestead into shareholding right in farmers’professional cooperative.