美国加强涉华经济间谍法律规制的研究

Research on the Strengthening of Legal Regulations of China-related Economic Espionage

1996年,美国颁布《经济间谍法》,核心目的是运用系统、强大的法律武器,更好地维护美国以先进科学技术为基石的全球价值链利益分配优势地位,以及在国际政治经济格局中的引领者地位。《经济间谍法》不仅是美国联邦层面第一部专门保护商业秘密的刑事类法律,而且是全球范围内的第一部专门规制经济间谍的单独立法。此后,美国通过颁布《外国经济间谍惩罚加重法》、《盗窃商业秘密澄清法》、《保护商业秘密法》等法律,不断完善经济间谍法律规制体系。近年来,美国政府将我国的崛起视为其世界霸主地位的最严重威胁,为抑制我国经济和技术发展,美国在加强经济间谍法律规制方面针对我国的意图愈发明显:立法方面,美国司法部2018年11月制定了“中国行动”,专门针对涉华经济间谍等行为制定法律规范;司法实践方面,2011年以来,美国检方起诉的所有经济间谍案件中,90%以上涉及我国,美国司法机关还对华为等中国高技术企业进行歧视性打压。当前,世界处于百年未有之大变局,中美两个世界最大经济体的政治经济博弈牵动全球格局走向。在此背景下,美国运用系统的经济间谍法律制度在中美战略博弈中抢占了法律制高点,而我国因相关法律制度空白,面临无法有效反制美国的掣肘。文章对美国经济间谍法律制度的立法和强化背景以及“中国行动”进行了系统介绍,并论述了我国建立经济间谍法律规制体系的必要性。

In 1996,the United States promulgated the Economic Espionage Act,the core purpose of which is to use systematic and powerful legal weapons to better safeguard its dominant position in the distribution of interests in the global value chain based on advanced science and technology,as well as its position as a leader in the international political and economic pattern.The Economic Espionage Act is not only the first criminal law specializing in the protection of trade secrets at the federal level in the United States,but also the first separate legislation on economic espionage in the world.Since then,the United States has continuously improved the legal regulation system of economic espionage through the promulgation of Foreign and Economic Espionage Penalty Enhancement Act,Theft of Trade Secrets Clarification Act,and Defend Trade Secrets Act.In recent years,The US government sees China’s rise as the most serious threat to its dominant position in the world.Therefore,in order to curb China’s economic and technological development,the intention of the United States to strengthen the legal regulation of economic espionage against China is becoming more and more obvious:on the legislative side,the US Department of Justice formulated"China Initiative"in November 2018,specifically for acts such as economic espionage involving China;In judicial practice,more than 90 percent of all economic espionage cases filed by US prosecutors since 2011 have involved China,and the US judiciary has also cracked down on Chinese high-tech companies such as Huawei.At present,the world is in a great change that has not occurred in a hundred years.The political and economic games between China and the United States,the two largest economies in the world,affect the trend of the global pattern.In this context,the United States uses a systematic legal system of economic espionage to seize the commanding point of law in the strategic game between China and the United States,while China is unable to effectively counter the constraints of the United States because of the gaps in the relevant legal system.This paper introduces the legislative and strengthening background and"China Initiative"of American economic espionage legal system,and discusses the necessity of establishing a legal system against economic espionage in China.