明代募兵制发展中的卫所舍余

The Role of Sheyu in the Weisuo System in the Development of the Ming Military Recruitment

召募卫所舍余是明代募集兵员的途径之一。明初舍余在卫所制的组织内拥有相对的自由空间,其中一些人为了获取世袭武职和报酬,具有从军的意愿,这是募兵制能够在具有身份强制性的卫所体系中得以发展的社会心理基础。召募卫所舍余随着土木之变后大规模募兵制的展开,九边、京师等地皆有施行,与抽选并行。召募舍余补充正军和顶种军屯起到缓解卫所制废弛的作用。然而随着政府加强对舍余的控制,该群体在卫所组织内的自由空间缩小,人身束缚趋于强化,不再具有应募的自由身份,其兵役在弘治以后逐渐以抽选为主。

The male adults living in the basic military units Weisuo( 卫所) who were not formal military personnel are generally called Sheyu( 舍余), meaning, the extra men. They were together a major human resource for possible military recruitment. In the early Ming period, with certain freedom within Weisuo, Sheyu might chose to join in the army for hereditary positions or merely for rewards. During and after the Tumu Incident of 1449, a large number of Sheyu were recruited in the army in Beijing as well as in the northern frontier units along the Great Wall, which helped the maintenance of the military force for the Ming Dynasty. However, since the recruited Sheyu in army were gradually treated in the way as the hereditary military personnel and lost their original freedom, less and less Sheyu would like to be recruited. Eventually, by the time of Emperor Hongzhi, the recruitment of Sheyu changed to selecting one man to join the army from each existing hereditary military families that had more than three extra male adults.