孔雀蓝釉技术源流考辨

On the Origin and Development of the Turquoise Blue Glaze Technique

孔雀蓝釉是中国陶瓷低温釉体系中重要的环节,正是由于孔雀蓝釉的配制,我国低温釉出现了以氧化钾作为熔剂的技术手段,为后来景德镇釉上彩的彩料配制奠定了技术基础。孔雀蓝釉的技术来源尚没有清楚的认识,学者大多推测中国孔雀蓝釉的生产受到了伊斯兰陶孔雀蓝釉的影响。但现有对金元时期我国孔雀蓝釉的检测表明有多种配方共存的情况,这一现象说明当时孔雀蓝釉的生产并没有统一技术。笔者通过对孔雀蓝釉出土文物的时间与产地特征,以及对琉璃瓦生产工艺演变的考察,认为我国孔雀蓝釉是在低温铅釉琉璃的助熔剂"黄丹"的制作工艺演变过程中增加硝形成的,到元代中期以后配方探索才逐渐完成,形成了以硝为主要助熔剂的制作工艺。

Turquoise blue glaze is essential in the low-temperature glaze system of Chinese ceramics.Based on the preparation of turquoise blue glaze,potassium oxide could be used as a flux in the low-temperature glaze of China and paved the technical foundation for the Jingdezhen glaze technique.No systematic study of the turquoise-blue-glaze origin was carried out.Most scholars argued that turquoise-blue-glaze technique in China was influenced by the related technique on Islamic pottery.However,analyses of turquoise blue glaze of the Jin and Yuan dynasties show that various recipes coexisted,rather than a uniform technique.The author has conducted an investigation of dates,regional traditions and the technological developments of the turquoise blue glazed artifacts.He argues that the turquoise-blue-glaze technique in China came into being by adding nitrate into Huangdan,a material related to low-temperature lead-glaze production.The technique was eventually stabalized after the middle Yuan dynasty.