“满”和“全”的意义——基于意象图式的认知分析

Ognitive Study on the Meanings of Two Chinese Characters“Man”(满)and“Quan”(全)from the Perspective of Image Schema

“满”和“全”作为现代汉语形容词,都可以修饰名词或名词短语并构成偏正结构,但在实际的使用中却有很大的差异,看似可互换,有时却不能互换,这说明二者在形式和意义上具有不平行性。从认知语言学的意象图式和概念隐喻及概念转喻理论出发,分别考察“满”和“全”的意义及使用机制,得出的结论是:“满”借用容器隐喻,通过其三种意象图式对客观世界进行投射,经常表达的是模糊的“夸张”意义,而不是人们普遍认为的数学概念上的百分之百的原型范畴意义;而“全”通过隐喻和转喻的方式,完成其“整体—部分”意象图式的构建,实现了用整体替代部分的功能。因此,“满”和“全”的根本差异在于,它们是两个表达完全不同的意义的词。

“Man”(满)and“quan”(全)as two modern Chinese characters can both be used to modify nouns and noun phrases to form modifier-core structures.But in practice,they are significantly different so that they cannot be used interchangeably though they seem to be at the first sight,which shows that the two characters have parallel misalignment in both form and meaning.From the perspectives of cognitive linguistic theories as image schema,conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy,this paper,through investigations of the actual meanings and usage of both characters individually,draws a series of conclusions.“Man”(满),on the basis of container metaphor to project the objective world through three kinds of image schemas,frequently expresses the fuzzy meaning of exaggeration instead of the prototypical meaning of one hundred percent in mathematics which people generally think to be.However,“quan”(全)by means of conceptual metaphor and metonymy which contribute to the formation of WHOLE-PART image schema realizes the attribution of the whole of things for the part of them.In a word,the fundamental discrepancy between“man”(满)and“quan”(全)lies on the fact that they are the two Chinese characters expressing totally different meanings.