重庆市九叶青花椒施肥现状评价

Evaluation of Fertilization Status of Zanthoxylum armatum var.novemfolius in Chongqing

采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了重庆市九叶青花椒主产区江津区5个主产乡镇160个种植户2017年2-5月的花椒施肥和产量现状.结果表明:重庆市青花椒平均产量为9.87 t/hm 2;氮磷钾养分平均施用量分别为350.7,220.3和288.2 kg/hm 2,以施用化肥为主,有机肥投入的氮磷钾养分量分别仅占其总养分投入量的2.64%,1.75%和2.22%.氮磷钾施用量在适宜范围内的农户比例分别为23.7%,23.7%和31.3%,施用过量的农户分别占21.9%,22.5%和29.4%,施用不足的农户分别占5.0%,10.6%和3.8%.施用有机肥可以提高花椒产量,较不施有机肥增产17.8%.高产高效农户平均产量为11.44 t/hm 2,氮磷钾平均施用量分别为271.8,163.7和218.1 kg/hm 2,其偏生产力分别是42.6,75.7和54.7 kg/kg,较氮磷钾肥平均偏生产力分别提高29.1%,30.2%和36.8%.综上所述,重庆花椒施肥过量与不足并存,农户之间存在较大的产量差异,采用有机无机肥料配合施用是提高花椒产量的重要措施.

In order to understand the problems existing in nutrient management of Chinese prickly ash(Zanthoxylum armatum var.novemfolius)in Chongqing,this study analyzed and evaluated the present situation of fertilizer application and yield of this plant among160 growers in 5 main producing towns of Chongqing City by household sampling survey.The results showed that the average yield of Z.armatum var novemfolius in Chongqing was 9.87 t/ha.The average application rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were 350.7,220.4 and 287.9 kg/ha,respectively.The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrient components in organic fertilizers were only 2.64%,1.75%and 2.22%,respectively,of the total nutrient input.The farmer households,who applied N,P and K in the appropriate range,accounted for 23.7%,23.7%and 31.3%,respectively,the proportion of farmers with excessive application accounted for 21.9%,22.5%and 29.4%,respectively,and the proportion of farmers with insufficient application was 5.0%,10.6%and 3.8%,respectively.The application of organic fertilizer could significantly increase the yield of Z.armatum var novemfolius,the increase being17.8%compared with the no-organic fertilizer practice.The average yield of high-yield and high-efficiency farmer households was11.44 t/ha.Their average application rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were 271.8,163.7 and 218.1 kg/ha,respectively,and their partial factor productivity were 42.6,75.7 and 54.7 kg/kg,an increase of 29.1%,30.2%and 36.8%over the average partial factor productivity of nitrogenous,phosphorous and potassium fertilizers.To sum up,both excessive fertilization and insufficient fertilization exist in Z.armatum var.novemfolius production in Chongqing,and there is a large yield difference among farmers.The application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in combination is an important measure to increase the yield of Z.armatum var novemfolius.