抗战时期上海国际红十字会与难民收容所环境卫生治理

Shanghai International Red Cross and the Environmental Sanitation Management in Refugee Shelters during the War of Resistance against Japan

八一三淞沪会战后,繁杂的难民救济工作逐渐由各慈善团体设立的难民收容所承担。难民云集,收容所内环境卫生问题日渐凸显,难民生活环境日趋恶劣,难民救济任务愈发艰巨。中国红十字会部分留沪人员遂联合沪上中外慈善人士组建上海国际红十字会,统筹难民救济工作,通过制订卫生条规、倡导清洁运动、改良卫生设备、淘汰卫生恶劣之所等措施,治理难民收容所环境卫生。经过近一年的协同合作,收容所环境卫生明显改善,难民居住生活得到了基本卫生保障。透析其工作始末,可以管窥上海国际红十字会环境卫生工作的演进历程及战时公共卫生事业的特殊历史情境。

After the Battle of Shanghai broke out on August 13,the complicated refugee relief work was basically undertaken by charities with refugee shelters.The environmental sanitation problem in the shelters became increasingly prominent with the living environment getting worse and the relief tasks becoming more and more difficult.To coordinate the relief work,some members of the Chinese Red Cross Society who stayed in Shanghai united with Chinese and foreign philanthropists in Shanghai to form the Shanghai International Red Cross,which managed the environmental sanitation in the refugee shelters through formulating sanitary regulations,advocating cleaning campaigns,improving sanitary equipment and eliminating places of poor sanitation.After nearly a year of collaboration,the environmental sanitation of the shelters had been improved markedly,and the refugees had been provided with the basic health care.By analyzing the history of this work from the very beginning,one can observe the evolution of the environmental sanitation work of Shanghai International Red Cross as well as the special historical circumstances of the wartime public health.