苏联卫国战争中的食物购买证政策

Policy of Food Purchase Certificate in the Soviet Patriotic War

1941年德国的入侵加剧了苏联本已存在的粮食危机。为了攻克粮食不足的难关,苏联在后方颁布了食物购买证政策,将城市居民分为四类两等,凭证定量供应粮食。在实践中,该政策受到了粮食供给不足和影子分配的困扰。对此,苏联政府千方百计拓宽供应渠道,不断加强对粮食资源的监管。在联共(布)积极作为、社会各界和外国盟友的竭诚襄助下,购买证政策的运行日益良好,对保证最广泛人民群众的基本生存需求、提高关键部门的劳动生产率都发挥了重要作用,但该政策自带的诸多差异性,也引发了社会非议,有待于农业改革解决。

The invasion of Germany in 1941 exacerbated the existing food crisis of the Soviet Union.To deal with the issue of insufficient food,the Soviet government made a policy of food purchase certificate,which divided urban residents into four categories and two classes and provided rationing food in terms of certificates.In practice,this policy was disturbed by insufficient food supplies and shadow distribution.As a response,the Soviet government worked hard to widen the supply channels and strengthen the supervision of food resources.Thanks to the efforts of the Communist Party and the support from the society and foreign allies,the operation of the policy became increasingly better and played a significant role in ensuring people’s basic survival need and improving labor productivity in key sectors.However,the policy also caused social critiques and left some problems which needed to be resolved by the agricultural reform.