我国职业监护人制度立法研究——兼以日本职业“后见人”制度为学术视点

Research on Legislation of Professional Guardian System in China:Taking Japanese Professional"Carer"System as an Academic Perspective

我国意定监护公证实践已经走在立法之前,因监护事务之繁杂、监护人责任之重大,人们往往不愿意担任监护人,因此,实践中便产生了监护人缺位的问题。建议参照日本的职业后见人制度,在我国建立职业监护人制度,具体来说:第一,建立职业监护人资格认定机制,规定申请者只有通过职业监护人资格考试并实习一年后,才能获得职业监护人资格证;第二,建议借鉴日本“社会福祉士事务所”的架构,在我国建立职业监护人事务所,在性质上,该事务所应被归类为社会公益机构,民政部门负责该类机构的注册与登记;第三,明确职业监护人的种类与职能,建议前者包括专职监护人、兼职监护人和志愿者监护人,建议后者包括人身事务、财产事务及诉讼事务;第四,建立职业监护人监督机制,包括监护监督人的监督机制与国家和社会的监督机制。

At present,the practice of autonomous guardianship notarization in our country has gone ahead of the legislation.Due to the complexity of guardianship affairs and the huge responsibility of guardians,people are often unwilling to be guardians.Therefore,the problem of absence of guardians arises in practice.This essay makes some suggestions with reference to the Japanese professional"carer"system,set up a professional guardian system in our country,which include:first,set up a professional guardian qualification mechanism,professional guardian is required to take part in qualification examination and have a year of internship experience in order to obtain professional guardian certificate.Second,it is suggested to learn from the structure of"social welfare office"in Japan and establish a professional guardian office in China.In nature,the office should be classified as a social welfare organization,and the registration and regulation of this office should be managed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs.Thirdly,the types and functions of professional guardians should be clarified.As for the types of professional guardians,we suggests to include full-time guardians,parttime guardians and volunteer guardians.With regard to the functions of professional guardians,we recommends to include personal affairs,property affairs and litigation affairs;Fourth,it is suggested to establish professional guardian supervision mechanism,including the supervision of the guardian supervisor and the supervision of the state and society.