民法典编撰下法定代表人越权担保效力研究

Research on the Validity of Legal Representative’s Ultra Vires Guarantee in the Compilation of Civil Code

法定代表人越权担保合同的效力问题一直是公司法领域中的"悬案",学理和实践相异。公司法实践有三种裁判路径,将公司法第16条与合同法第50条相结合最具有合理性。从解释论上对合同法第50条"知道"或者"应当知道"进行解释,"知道"是一种事实状态,而"应当知道"是一种注意义务。要破除一些学者表面主张"形式审查",实则论证"实质审查"的怪圈,通过经济学角度分析实质审查的意义,避免形式审查歧义出现。在认定法定代表人越权担保合同的效力状态时,应当突破"善意推定"规则,交易相对人必须举证证明自己的"善意",从而适用"善意有效,恶意效力待定"的规则。在立法论上,从法人的本质角度出发对于合同法第50条进行批判,代表理论与代理理论并无本质区别,未来我国民法典应当对代表与代理、实质审查的问题予以明确。

The determination of the validity of the legal representative’s ultra vires guarantee is still an"unsolved case"in the Company Law.After studying the three referee paths in the current practice of the Company Law,we conclude that combining Article 16 of the Company Law and Article 50 of the Contract Law is the most reasonable method.From the interpretation theory,"know"in the Article 50 of the Contract Law"know or should know"means a factual state while"should know"is a duty of care.In this way,the author attempts to change the strange phenomenon in which some scholars advocate the formal review but demonstrate substantive examination in essence,and tries to directly analyze the meaning of substantive examination from the perspective of economics,thus avoiding the ambiguity of formal review,and at the same time breaking the"goodwill presumption rule",requiring the trading party to prove his"goodwill"in the context of legal representative’s ultra vires guarantee.And the legal loopholes existing in the representative system in the determination of the validity of the contract shall be dealt with in the agency system to make it apply to the"goodwill effectiveness determined,malicious effectiveness to be determined"rule.At the same time,the author criticizes the Article 50 of the Contract Law according to the essence of legal person,and explains that there is no essential difference between the representative theory and the agency theory from the perspective of legislation.The hope is that in the future,Chinese Civil Code can clearly define the relationship between the representative and the agency,and the issue of substantive examination.