儿童贫困观的研究:基于内隐理论的视角

The Poverty Mindset of Children:A new perspective from the implicit theory

阻止贫困的代际传递是我国新时代扶贫工作所面临的新挑战,以往研究更关注客观贫困对个体发展的不利影响,忽略了儿童对贫困的主观认知与信念在贫困状态中所发挥的潜在作用。基于内隐理论的视角,贫困观是儿童与周围环境或他人互动中所构建出的一系列与贫困相关的朴素观念和认知模式。通过强调在应对贫困时个体主动性和主体性的重要价值,贫困观的研究为教育扶贫拓展出了新的思路。目前的研究中,儿童的贫困观主要聚焦在贫困推理(儿童对贫富状况的判别并据此对个体品质和行为做出的推断)与贫困归因(儿童对贫富差异原因的认识)两方面。贫困观的个体差异会对儿童在公平分配、认知能力等方面的行为和表现产生一定的影响。但个体对贫困的看法是可塑的,通过一些间接途径改变儿童的贫困观,将有利于提升贫困儿童的行为表现。未来研究需要继续拓展贫困观的内容框架,考察可能造成的其他影响,关注贫困观的发生发展机制和群体差异性,最终为有效的教育干预方案提供更为科学的相关依据。

Preventing the intergenerational transmission of poverty is a new challenge faced by China’s poverty relief work in the new era.Previous research paid more attention to the adverse impact of poverty on individual development and ignored the potential role of children’s subjective perceptions and beliefs about poverty in the cycle of poverty.Based on the implicit theory,the poverty mindset contains a series of concepts and cognitive models related to poverty constructed in children’s interaction with their surroundings or others.By emphasizing the important value of individual initiative and subjectivity in coping with poverty,the study of poverty mindset has provoked new ideas for education to poverty relief.In the current research,children’s mindset on poverty mainly include poverty reasoning(children’s discrimination of the rich and the poor and the inference of individual qualities and behaviors based on it)and poverty attribution(children’s understanding of the causes for the differences between the rich and the poor).Individual differences in poverty mindset have certain effects on children’s behavior and performance in terms of fair distribution and cognitive ability.However,the individual’s mindset on poverty is cultivatable by some indirect methods,which help improve the behavioral performance of poor children.Future researches need to expand the content of the poverty mindset,investigate other possible impacts,pay attention to the development mechanism and group differences,and finally provide scientific basis for effective educational intervention programs.