论字词考据的效度——以清人考据笔记为例

Validity of Textual Research on Words:Taking textual research notes in the Qing Dynasty as an example

考据的效度是指考据过程是否有效实现考据目标。字词考据中出现的种种问题,很多是因为对考据效度没有足够的理性认识。清代是小学考据的巅峰,藉由清人的考据实践,可以看到影响考据效度的诸多因素:发疑是考据的动因,关系到考据的价值;预设的准确性影响考据的方向;取证的准确性、适切性和充足性影响考据结论是否准确、论证是否透彻;释理沟通证据和结论,可为考据结论提供可能性和可行性支持;考据结构的完整与否则会影响考据结论的可信度。今人的字词考据,可在充分吸收历史经验的基础上,提高考据效度。

The validity of textual research refers to whether the process of textual analysis can effectively achieve the research objectives.Through the research practice in the Qing Dynasty(1644C.D.-1912C.D.),we can see many factors affecting the validity of textual research:doubt is the motivation of textual research,which is related to the research value;presupposed accuracy affects the direction of textual research;accuracy,appropriateness and adequacy of evidence collection affect the accuracy and thoroughness of the results;interpretation and communication of evidence and conclusions provide possibilities and feasibility expenses for the results;the integrity of the textual research structure affects the credibility of conclusions.By fully absorbing the historical experience,we can improve the validity of the textual research.