清代词学理论与诗教传统的矛盾与融合——以知人论世在“词史”理论构建中的应用为例

The Contradiction and Fusion between the Theory of Ci and the Poetry Teaching Tradition in the Qing Dynasty——A Case Study on the Application of ZhiRenLunShi in the Theoretical Construction of“the History of Ci”

词学理论与诗教传统在清代达到了空前程度的融合,在清代词体得以获尊的前提下,出现了与杜甫“诗史”相对而生的“词史”;随着诗教传统在词学领域内渗透的不断深入,“词史”亦在不断发展完善自身的理论体系。在此过程中,孟子提出的“知人论世”这一儒家批评方法发挥了重要作用:它一方面打破了自古以来词人人格与词格相割裂的局面,促进了词人意识的觉醒,另一方面推动着词体从以佐欢、言情为主逐步向教化、言志的社会功能上靠拢。但词体在向诗靠拢的同时,二者体性之间的矛盾亦愈发突显,因此强调词之区别于诗的独特性,又是这一时期词论家讨论的重点。

The theory of Ci and poetry teaching tradition reached an unprecedented degree of integration in the Qing Dynasty.On the condition that Ci was respected in the Qing Dynasty,there appeared“the History of Ci”which was similar to Du Fu’s“the History of Poetry”.With the deepening of the poetry teaching tradition in the field of Ci,“the History of Ci”is also continuously developing and perfecting its theoretical system.In this process,the Confucian criticism method of“ZhiRenLunShi”,which had been put forward by Mencius,played an important role.On the one hand,it broke the situation that the personality of Ci writers had been separated from the Character of Ci since ancient times,promoted the awakening of Ci writers’consciousness,and on the other hand,it pushed Ci to gradually move closer to the social function of enlightenment and aspiration from the focus on amusing people and expressing feelings.However,the contradiction between Characters of the two is becoming more and more prominent while Ci is moving closer to the poetry.Therefore,the emphasis on the uniqueness of Ci is also the focus of discussion among Ci theorists in this period.